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Given a set of elements {1, 2, …, n} (henceforth referred to as the universe, specifying all possible elements under consideration) and a collection, referred to as S, of a given m subsets whose union equals the universe, the set cover problem is to identify a smallest sub-collection of S whose union equals the universe.
Each vertex represents an element of the free group, and each edge represents multiplication by a or b. In mathematics, the free group F S over a given set S consists of all words that can be built from members of S, considering two words to be different unless their equality follows from the group axioms (e.g. st = suu −1 t but s ≠ t −1 ...
One can show that this is the von Neumann algebra generated by the operators corresponding to multiplication from the left with an element g ∈ G. It is a factor (of type II 1) if every non-trivial conjugacy class of G is infinite (for example, a non-abelian free group), and is the hyperfinite factor of type II 1 if in addition G is a union of ...
In mathematics and physics, the term generator or generating set may refer to any of a number of related concepts. The underlying concept in each case is that of a smaller set of objects, together with a set of operations that can be applied to it, that result in the creation of a larger collection of objects, called the generated set .
UPGMA (unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean) is a simple agglomerative (bottom-up) hierarchical clustering method. It also has a weighted variant, WPGMA, and they are generally attributed to Sokal and Michener.
In the aquaculture experiment, the ordered triple (25, 80, 10) represents the treatment combination having the lowest level of each factor. In a general 2×3 experiment the ordered pair (2, 1) would indicate the cell in which factor A is at level 2 and factor B at level 1. The parentheses are often dropped, as shown in the accompanying table.
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More generally, a pairing function on a set is a function that maps each pair of elements from into an element of , such that any two pairs of elements of are associated with different elements of , [5] [a] or a bijection from to .