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Cologne effectively became a free city after 1288, and in 1475 it was formally made a free imperial city, a status that it held until annexed by France on May 28, 1796. The Archbishopric of Cologne was a state in its own right within the Holy Roman Empire, but the city was independent, and the archbishops were usually not allowed to enter it.
The Roman epoch of the history of the city of Cologne begins with this oppidum. Map of the Roman province of Germania under Augustus, showing Colonia During the rule of Augustus (30 BC to AD 14), the Ara Ubiorum (Altar of the Ubii) was constructed within the city limits.
Roman glass perfume flask and two-part eye makeup container. The ideal eyes, from the Roman perspective, were large with long eyelashes. Pliny the Elder wrote that eyelashes fell out from sexual excess, and so it was especially important for women to keep their eyelashes long to prove their chastity. [28]
Roman imperial governors resided in the city and it became one of the most important trade and production centers in the Roman Empire north of the Alps. [3] Cologne is shown on the 4th century Peutinger Map. Maternus, who was elected as bishop in 313, was the first known bishop of Cologne. The city was the capital of a Roman province until it ...
The Roman-Germanic Museum (RGM, in German: Römisch-Germanisches Museum) is an archaeological museum in Cologne, Germany. It has a large collection of Roman artifacts from the Roman settlement of Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensium , on which modern Cologne is built.
Guglielmo Ferrero, The Women of the Caesars (1911) [55] Barrett, Anthony A., Agrippina: Sex, Power and Politics in the Early Roman Empire, Yale University Press, New Haven, 1996. Annelise Freisenbruch, The first ladies of Rome; Wood, Susan (1995). "Diva Drusilla Panthea and the Sisters of Caligula". American Journal of Archaeology. 99 (3): 457 ...
The graves of two important women can be viewed in the churches: of Plectrude (died 718), the founder of the church St. Maria im Kapitol, and, in St. Pantaleon, of Empress Theophanu (died 991), a Byzantine princess who ruled the Holy Roman Empire forcefully and capably as dowager empress for her minor son.
Lisbeth's mother-in-law, Trynken Imhof, alongside Fygen, was among the leading silk producers in Cologne. By 1515, Fygen ranked among Cologne's wealthiest individuals and was one of the city's six richest women. She owned multiple properties in Cologne, including the historic Wolkenburg estate. The exact date of her death remains unknown. [2]
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