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A photon (from Ancient Greek φῶς, φωτός (phôs, phōtós) 'light') is an elementary particle that is a quantum of the electromagnetic field, including electromagnetic radiation such as light and radio waves, and the force carrier for the electromagnetic force.
The backward acting force of pressure exerted on the front surface is thus larger than the force of pressure acting on the back. Hence, as the resultant of the two forces, there remains a force that counteracts the motion of the plate and that increases with the velocity of the plate. We will call this resultant 'radiation friction' in brief."
The force imparted to a solar sail arises from the momentum of photons. The momentum of a photon or an entire flux is given by Einstein's relation: [23] [24] = / where p is the momentum, E is the energy (of the photon or flux), and c is the speed of light. Specifically, the momentum of a photon depends on its wavelength p = h/λ
The photon having non-zero linear momentum, one could imagine that it has a non-vanishing rest mass m 0, which is its mass at zero speed. However, we will now show that this is not the case: m 0 = 0. Since the photon propagates with the speed of light, special relativity is called for. The relativistic expressions for energy and momentum ...
The word quantum is the neuter singular of the Latin interrogative adjective quantus, meaning "how much". " Quanta ", the neuter plural, short for "quanta of electricity" (electrons), was used in a 1902 article on the photoelectric effect by Philipp Lenard , who credited Hermann von Helmholtz for using the word in the area of electricity.
A photon rocket is a rocket that uses thrust from the momentum of emitted photons (radiation pressure by emission) for its propulsion. [1] Photon rockets have been discussed as a propulsion system that could make interstellar flight possible during a human lifetime, which requires the ability to propel spacecraft to speeds at least 10% of the speed of light, v ≈ 0.1c = 30,000 km/s. [2]
This force will be equal to the pressure times the cross sectional area (A) of the piston. This process can be continued at a constant temperature until the photon gas is at a volume V 0. Integrating the force over the distance (x) traveled yields the total work done to create this photon gas at this volume
The exchange particle that mediates this force is the gluon. Electromagnetic interaction: the familiar interaction that acts on electrically charged particles. The photon is the exchange particle for this force. Weak interaction: a short-range interaction responsible for some forms of radioactivity, that acts on electrons, neutrinos, and quarks.