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Therefore, when concreting at cold temperature cannot be avoided, it is essential to have a minimum curing time at a temperature sufficiently above the freezing point of the concrete pore water, so that the early strength of concrete is high enough to resist the inner tensile stress caused by water freezing.
Photograph taken 21 March 2010 in Norwich, Vermont. Frost heaving (or a frost heave) is an upwards swelling of soil during freezing conditions caused by an increasing presence of ice as it grows towards the surface, upwards from the depth in the soil where freezing temperatures have penetrated into the soil (the freezing front or freezing boundary).
Polymers in Concrete. CRC Press. pp. 40–42. ISBN 9780849348150. J. Marchand; Michel Pigeon; M. Setzer (1997). Freeze–thaw Durability of Concrete. Proceedings of the International Workshop in the Resistance of Concrete to Scaling Due to Freezing in the Presence of De-icing Salts, Sainte-Foy, Québec, Canada. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9780419200000
If the surface of the concrete pour is insulated from the outside temperatures, the heat of hydration will prevent freezing. The American Concrete Institute (ACI) definition of cold weather placement, ACI 306, [128] is: A period when for more than three successive days the average daily air temperature drops below 40 °F (~ 4.5 °C), and
Typically concrete slabs perform better than implied by their R-value. [5] The R-value does not consider thermal mass, since it is tested under constant temperature conditions. Thus, when a concrete slab is subjected to fluctuating temperatures, it will respond more slowly to these changes and in many cases increase the efficiency of a building ...
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A pervious concrete street in 2005. Pervious concrete (also called porous concrete, permeable concrete, no fines concrete and porous pavement) is a special type of concrete with a high porosity used for concrete flatwork applications that allows water from precipitation and other sources to pass directly through, thereby reducing the runoff from a site and allowing groundwater recharge.
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