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  2. DNA and RNA codon tables - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_and_RNA_codon_tables

    Different tables with alternate codons are used depending on the source of the genetic code, such as from a cell nucleus, mitochondrion, plastid, or hydrogenosome. [5] There are 64 different codons in the genetic code and the below tables; most specify an amino acid. [6]

  3. Genetic code - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_code

    If amino acids were randomly assigned to triplet codons, there would be 1.5 × 10 84 possible genetic codes. [81]: 163 This number is found by calculating the number of ways that 21 items (20 amino acids plus one stop) can be placed in 64 bins, wherein each item is used at least once. [82]

  4. List of genetic codes - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_genetic_codes

    While there is much commonality, different parts of the tree of life use slightly different genetic codes. [1] When translating from genome to protein, the use of the correct genetic code is essential. The mitochondrial codes are the relatively well-known examples of variation.

  5. Codon usage bias - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codon_usage_bias

    There are 64 different codons (61 codons encoding for amino acids and 3 stop codons) but only 20 different translated amino acids. The overabundance in the number of codons allows many amino acids to be encoded by more than one codon. Because of such redundancy it is said that the genetic code is degenerate. The genetic codes of different ...

  6. Stop codon - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stop_codon

    Most codons in messenger RNA correspond to the addition of an amino acid to a growing polypeptide chain, which may ultimately become a protein; stop codons signal the termination of this process by binding release factors, which cause the ribosomal subunits to disassociate, releasing the amino acid chain. While start codons need nearby ...

  7. Gene - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene

    There are 64 possible codons (four possible nucleotides at each of three positions, hence 4 3 possible codons) and only 20 standard amino acids; hence the code is redundant and multiple codons can specify the same amino acid. The correspondence between codons and amino acids is nearly universal among all known living organisms. [75]

  8. Start codon - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Start_codon

    Alternative start codons are different from the standard AUG codon and are found in both prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) and eukaryotes. Alternate start codons are still translated as Met when they are at the start of a protein (even if the codon encodes a different amino acid otherwise). This is because a separate tRNA is used for ...

  9. Synonymous substitution - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synonymous_substitution

    Protein translation involves a set of twenty amino acids.Each of these amino acids is coded for by a sequence of three DNA base pairs called a codon.Because there are 64 possible codons, but only 20-22 encoded amino acids (in nature) and a stop signal (i.e. up to three codons that do not code for any amino acid and are known as stop codons, indicating that translation should stop), some amino ...