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Bienfang's test is a clinical test used in the diagnosis of ocular myasthenia gravis. It is used in conjunction with other examination techniques such as Cogan's lid twitch test [ 1 ] or enhancement of blepharoptosis from prolonged upward gaze.
Ocular myasthenia gravis (MG) is a disease of the neuromuscular junction resulting in hallmark variability in muscle weakness and fatigability. MG is an autoimmune disease where anomalous antibodies are produced against the naturally occurring acetylcholine receptors in voluntary muscles.
Myasthenia gravis affects 50 to 200 people per million. [3] [4] It is newly diagnosed in 3 to 30 people per million each year. [13] Diagnosis has become more common due to increased awareness. [13] Myasthenia gravis most commonly occurs in women under the age of 40 and in men over the age of 60. [1] [5] [14] It is uncommon in children. [1]
Myasthenia gravis: Neuromuscular junction (affecting both CNS and PNS) Anti-AChR, anti-MuSK Confirmed 20 per 100,000 [65] Neuromyelitis optica (Devic's disease)/NMOSD: Optic nerves and spinal cord AQP4-IgG (NMO-IgG) Confirmed 0.5 - 4 per 100,000 [66] Restless legs syndrome: Central nervous system (thought to involve dopaminergic pathways ...
Thus, this test can be used to clinically differentiate between ocular myasthenia gravis and normal individuals. Since myasthenia gravis affects all skeletal muscles, eyelid drooping is often bilateral. It is sometimes done in conjunction with tensilon test, where edrophonium is injected to look for reversibility of eyelid drooping. In ...
A tensilon test, also called an edrophonium test, is a pharmacological test used for the diagnosis of certain neural diseases, especially myasthenia gravis. [1] It is also used to distinguish a myasthenic crisis from a cholinergic crisis in individuals undergoing treatment for myasthenia gravis.
There are many diseases known to cause ocular or visual changes. Diabetes , for example, is the leading cause of new cases of blindness in those aged 20–74, with ocular manifestations such as diabetic retinopathy and macular edema affecting up to 80% of those who have had the disease for 15 years or more.
Elevated acetylcholine receptor antibody level which is typically seen in myasthenia gravis has been seen in certain patients of mitochondrial associated ophthalmoplegia. [9] It is important to have a dilated eye exam to determine if there is pigmentary retinopathy that may signify Kearns–Sayre syndrome which is associated with cardiac ...