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Multiferroics are defined as materials that exhibit more than one of the primary ferroic properties in the same phase: [1] ferromagnetism – a magnetisation that is switchable by an applied magnetic field; ferroelectricity – an electric polarisation that is switchable by an applied electric field
Paramagnetic materials have a weak induced magnetization in a magnetic field, which disappears when the magnetic field is removed. Ferromagnetic and ferrimagnetic materials have strong magnetization in a magnetic field, and can be magnetized to have magnetization in the absence of an external field, becoming a permanent magnet. Magnetization is ...
The EPM is based on a common magnetic configuration called magnetic latch. A general example of this configuration assembly is built by a permanent magnet block with two plates of soft magnetic materials (generally iron alloys) on each side of the block. Those two plates exceed the dimensions of the permanent magnet.
Spintronics emerged from discoveries in the 1980s concerning spin-dependent electron transport phenomena in solid-state devices. This includes the observation of spin-polarized electron injection from a ferromagnetic metal to a normal metal by Johnson and Silsbee (1985) [5] and the discovery of giant magnetoresistance independently by Albert Fert et al. [6] and Peter Grünberg et al. (1988). [7]
The magnetic field lines are indicated, with their direction shown by arrows. The magnetic flux corresponds to the 'density of field lines'. The magnetic flux is thus densest in the middle of the solenoid, and weakest outside of it. Faraday's law of induction makes use of the magnetic flux Φ B through a region of space enclosed by a wire loop.
Tunnel magnetoresistance (TMR) is a magnetoresistive effect that occurs in a magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ), which is a component consisting of two ferromagnets separated by a thin insulator. If the insulating layer is thin enough (typically a few nanometres ), electrons can tunnel from one ferromagnet into the other.
While many traditional magnetic materials, such as magnetite, are also semiconductors (magnetite is a semimetal semiconductor with bandgap 0.14 eV), materials scientists generally predict that magnetic semiconductors will only find widespread use if they are similar to well-developed semiconductor materials. To that end, dilute magnetic ...
The reed switch [i] is an electromechanical switch operated by an applied magnetic field. It was invented in 1922 by professor Valentin Kovalenkov at the Petrograd Electrotechnical University , [ 1 ] and later evolved at Bell Telephone Laboratories in 1936 by Walter B. Ellwood into the reed relay.