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When a reinforced concrete member is put in tension, after cracking, the member elongates by widening of cracks and by formation of new cracks. Figure 1 Formation of internal cracks. Ignoring the small elastic strain in the concrete between the cracks, we can relate the crack width to the strain of the member by:
The stress intensity factor at the crack tip of a compact tension specimen is [4] = [() / / + / / + /] where is the applied load, is the thickness of the specimen, is the crack length, and is the effective width of the specimen being the distance between the centreline of the holes and the backface of the coupon.
Reduce crack widths and control the crack widths tightly, thus improving durability; Improve impact- and abrasion-resistance; Improve freeze-thaw resistance; Natural (lignocellulosic, LC) fibers and/or particles can: [20] [21] Improve ductility; Contribute to crack control via bridging
Fracture toughness varies by approximately 4 orders of magnitude across materials. Metals hold the highest values of fracture toughness. Cracks cannot easily propagate in tough materials, making metals highly resistant to cracking under stress and gives their stress–strain curve a large zone of plastic flow.
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A crack growth equation is used for calculating the size of a fatigue crack growing from cyclic loads. The growth of a fatigue crack can result in catastrophic failure, particularly in the case of aircraft. When many growing fatigue cracks interact with one another it is known as widespread fatigue damage. A crack growth equation can be used to ...
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Notches are commonly used in material impact tests where a morphological crack of a controlled origin is necessary to achieve standardized characterization of fracture resistance of the material. The most common is the Charpy impact test , which uses a pendulum hammer (striker) to strike a horizontal notched specimen.
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