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The frontonasal duct may or may not drain into the ethmoidal infundibulum - this is determined by the place of attachment of the uncinate process of the ethmoid bone: if the uncinate process is attached to the lateral nasal wall, the frontonasal duct will open directly into the middle nasal meatus; if otherwise, it will drain into the infundibulum.
Involutional stenosis is probably the most common cause of nasolacrimal duct obstruction in older people. It affects women twice as frequently as men. Although the inciting event in this process is unknown, clinicopathologic study suggests that compression of the lumen of the nasolacrimal duct is caused by inflammatory infiltrates and edema.
The frontonasal duct passes inferior-ward [5] to open either [3] into the middle nasal meatus at the anterior end of [3] the ethmoidal infundibulum, [3] [5] [2] or into the anterior ethmoidal air cells (which then in turn drain into the nasal cavity). [3] The duct is lined by mucous membrane. [citation needed]
The uncinate process can be attached to either the lateral nasal wall, on the lamina papyracea (50%), the anterior cranial fossa, on the ethmoidal roof (25%), or the middle concha (25%). The superior attachment of the uncinate process determines the drainage pattern of the frontal sinus.
In anatomy, the term nasal meatus [1] can refer to any of the three meatuses (passages) through the skull ' s nasal cavity: the superior meatus (meatus nasi superior), middle meatus (meatus nasi medius), and inferior meatus (meatus nasi inferior). The nasal meatuses are the spaces beneath each of the corresponding nasal conchae.
The nasal dimensions are also used to classify nasal morphology into five types: Hyperleptorrhine is a very long, narrow nose with a nasal index of 40 to 55. [35] Leptorrhine describes a long, narrow nose with an index of 55–70. [35] Mesorrhine is a medium nose with an index of 70–85. Platyrrhine is a short, broad nose with an index of 85 ...
The cells are grouped into anterior, middle, and posterior groups; the groups differ in their drainage modalities, [2] though all ultimately drain into either the superior or the middle nasal meatus [3] of the lateral wall of the nasal cavity.
A tube is typically also placed in the urethra or through a suprapubic opening to ensure full urine drainage and to rest the bladder during recovery. [25] The tubes are generally removed and the channel is ready to use with intermittent catheters in 4–6 weeks, [25] provided that a medical professional first instructs on how to catheterize. [23]