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  2. Associative algebra - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associative_algebra

    e. In mathematics, an associative algebra A over a commutative ring (often a field) K is a ring A together with a ring homomorphism from K into the center of A. This is thus an algebraic structure with an addition, a multiplication, and a scalar multiplication (the multiplication by the image of the ring homomorphism of an element of K).

  3. Quadratic formula - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadratic_formula

    Quadratic formula. The roots of the quadratic function y = ⁠ 1 2 ⁠x2 − 3x + ⁠ 5 2 ⁠ are the places where the graph intersects the x -axis, the values x = 1 and x = 5. They can be found via the quadratic formula. In elementary algebra, the quadratic formula is a closed-form expression describing the solutions of a quadratic equation.

  4. 8.2-kiloyear event - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8.2-kiloyear_event

    Central Greenland ice core reconstructed temperature up to mid-19th century. In climatology, the 8.2-kiloyear event was a sudden decrease in global temperatures that occurred approximately 8,200 years before the present, or c. 6,200 BC, and which lasted for the next two to four centuries.

  5. Mathematics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics

    Mathematics is a field of study that discovers and organizes methods, theories and theorems that are developed and proved for the needs of empirical sciences and mathematics itself. There are many areas of mathematics, which include number theory (the study of numbers), algebra (the study of formulas and related structures), geometry (the study ...

  6. Additional Mathematics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Additional_Mathematics

    In Singapore, Additional Mathematics is an elective subject offered to pupils in secondary school—specifically those who have an aptitude in Mathematics and are in the Normal (Academic) stream [1] or Express stream. The syllabus covered is more in-depth as compared to Elementary Mathematics, with additional topics including Algebra binomial ...

  7. Collatz conjecture - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collatz_conjecture

    less than 10 11 is 75 128 138 247, which has 1228 steps, less than 10 12 is 989 345 275 647, which has 1348 steps. [11] (sequence A284668 in the OEIS) These numbers are the lowest ones with the indicated step count, but not necessarily the only ones below the given limit. As an example, 9 780 657 631 has 1132 steps, as does 9 780 657 630.

  8. Birthday problem - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birthday_problem

    In probability theory, the birthday problem asks for the probability that, in a set of n randomly chosen people, at least two will share a birthday. The birthday paradox refers to the counterintuitive fact that only 23 people are needed for that probability to exceed 50%. The birthday paradox is a veridical paradox: it seems wrong at first ...

  9. Modified Mercalli intensity scale - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modified_Mercalli...

    The Modified Mercalli intensity scale (MM, MMI, or MCS) measures the effects of an earthquake at a given location. This is in contrast with the seismic magnitude usually reported for an earthquake. Magnitude scales measure the inherent force or strength of an earthquake – an event occurring at greater or lesser depth.