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SAS 99 defines fraud as an intentional act that results in a material misstatement in financial statements. There are two types of fraud considered: misstatements arising from fraudulent financial reporting (e.g. falsification of accounting records) and misstatements arising from misappropriation of assets (e.g. theft of assets or fraudulent expenditures).
The lower the audit risk, the higher the materiality will be set. In terms of the Conceptual Framework (see "materiality in accounting" above), materiality also has a qualitative aspect. This means that, even if a misstatement is not material in "Dollar" (or other denomination) terms, it may still be material because of its nature.
It is stated in ISA 315 (paragraph A.124) that the auditor should use assertions for classes of transactions, account balances, and presentation and disclosures in sufficient detail to form a basis for the assessment of risks of material misstatement and the design and performance of further audit procedures.
Audit evidence collection is also being improved through audit data analytics, which also provide the auditor the ability to view the entire population of data, rather than just a sample. [4] Viewing greater amounts of data leads to a more efficient audit and a greater understanding of the audit evidence.
Although there are many types of risks associated with the audit process, each type primarily has an effect on the overall audit engagement. The effects produced by sampling risk generally can increase audit risk, the risk that an entity's financial statements will contain a material misstatement, though given an unqualified ('clean') audit report.
Codification of Auditing Standards and Procedures full-text: November 1972 2: Reports on Audited Financial Statements full-text: October 1974 3: The Effects of EDP on the Auditor's Study and Evaluation of Internal Control full-text: December 1974 4: Quality Control Considerations for a Firm of Independent Auditors full-text: December 1974 5
For example, an auditor may: physically examine inventory as evidence that inventory shown in the accounting records actually exists (existence assertion); inspect supporting documents like invoices to confirm that sales did occur (occurrence); arrange for suppliers to confirm in writing the details of the amount owing at balance date as evidence that accounts payable is a liability (rights ...
In developing that conclusion, the auditor evaluates whether audit evidence corroborates or contradicts financial statement assertions. [2] Second, auditors are required to consider the risk of material misstatement through understanding the entity and its environment, including the entity's internal control.