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  2. Electric dipole moment - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_dipole_moment

    For a spatially uniform electric field across the small region occupied by the dipole, the energy U and the torque are given by [2] =, =. The scalar dot " ⋅ " product and the negative sign shows the potential energy minimises when the dipole is parallel with the field, maximises when it is antiparallel, and is zero when it is perpendicular.

  3. Dipole - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipole

    The linear molecule CO 2 has a zero dipole as the two bond dipoles cancel. Potassium bromide (KBr) has one of the highest dipole moments because it is an ionic compound that exists as a molecule in the gas phase. The bent molecule H 2 O has a net dipole. The two bond dipoles do not cancel.

  4. Magnetic dipole–dipole interaction - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_dipoledipole...

    It follows that the dipole-dipole interaction goes as the inverse fourth power of the distance. Suppose m 1 and m 2 are two magnetic dipole moments that are far enough apart that they can be treated as point dipoles in calculating their interaction energy. The potential energy H of the interaction is then given by:

  5. Electron electric dipole moment - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_electric_dipole...

    The electron's electric dipole moment (EDM) must be collinear with the direction of the electron's magnetic moment (spin). [1] Within the Standard Model, such a dipole is predicted to be non-zero but very small, at most 10 −38 e⋅cm, [2] where e stands for the elementary charge.

  6. Axial multipole moments - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axial_multipole_moments

    The electric potential of a point charge q located on the z-axis at = (Fig. 1) equals = = + ⁡.. If the radius r of the observation point is greater than a, we may factor out and expand the square root in powers of (/) < using Legendre polynomials = = (⁡) = (+) (⁡) where the axial multipole moments contain everything specific to a given charge distribution; the other parts of the electric ...

  7. Polarization density - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polarization_density

    Electric polarization of a given dielectric material sample is defined as the quotient of electric dipole moment (a vector quantity, expressed as coulombs*meters (C*m) in SI units) to volume (meters cubed). [1] [2] Polarization density is denoted mathematically by P; [2] in SI units, it is expressed in coulombs per square meter (C/m 2).

  8. Magnetic energy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_energy

    The potential magnetic energy of a magnet or magnetic moment in a magnetic field is defined as the mechanical work of the magnetic force on the re-alignment of the vector of the magnetic dipole moment and is equal to: = The mechanical work takes the form of a torque : = = which will act to "realign" the magnetic dipole with the magnetic field.

  9. Electric dipole transition - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_dipole_transition

    Electric dipole transitions are the transitions between energy levels in the system with the Hamiltonian + (). Between certain electron states the electric dipole transition rate may be zero due to one or more selection rules , particularly the angular momentum selection rule .

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