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The Humane Society of the United States runs a deer birth control program, but it is experimental; it may not be cost-effective in the long run. [2] [3] [needs update] It may cost $300 [3] to $1000 [2] per deer. One contraceptive vaccine used is porcine zona pellucida (PZP), or derivatives.
Side effects can include nausea, headache, blood clots, breast pain, depression, and liver problems. [3] Use is not recommended during pregnancy, the initial three weeks after childbirth, and in those at high risk of blood clots. [3] However, it may be started immediately after a miscarriage or abortion. [5]
Oral contraceptives, abbreviated OCPs, also known as birth control pills, are medications taken by mouth for the purpose of birth control. The introduction of the birth control pill ("the Pill") in 1960 revolutionized the options for contraception, sparking vibrant discussion in the scientific and social science literature and in the media.
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Embryo transfer refers to a step in the process of assisted reproduction in which embryos are placed into the uterus of a female with the intent to establish a pregnancy.This technique - which is often used in connection with in vitro fertilization (IVF) - may be used in humans or in other animals, in which situations and goals may vary.
Etonogestrel is effective as a means of birth control and lasts at least three or four years with some data showing effectiveness for five years. [9] [11] Following removal, fertility quickly returns. [15] Side effects of etonogestrel include menstrual irregularities, breast tenderness, mood changes, acne, headaches, vaginitis, and others. [4]
Birth control pills are the most commonly prescribed hormonal treatment for hirsutism, as they prevent ovulation and decrease androgen production by the ovaries. Additionally, estrogen in the pills stimulates the liver to produce more of a protein that binds to androgens and reduces their activity.
[17] [4] However, it is thought that the antiandrogenic activity of CPA may only be significant at higher doses than are present in birth control pills. [4] [19] Both EE and CPA have antigonadotropic effects and act as contraceptives in women by suppressing ovulation. [17]