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"T" — Earth connection is by a local direct connection to earth (Latin: terra), usually via a ground rod. "N" — the earth connection is supplied by the electricity supply network, either separately to the neutral conductor (TN-S), combined with the neutral conductor (TN-C), or both (TN-C-S). These are discussed below.
A ground connection that is missing or of inadequate capacity may not provide the protective functions as intended during a fault in the connected equipment. Extra connections between ground and circuit neutral may result in circulating current in the ground path, stray current introduced in the earth or in a structure, and stray voltage.
Hot is any line or neutral conductor (wire or otherwise) connected with an electrical system that has electric potential relative to electrical ground or line to neutral. Ground is a safety conductor with a low impedance path to earth. It is often called the "ground wire," or safety ground. It is either bare or has green insulation. [1]
Provide a relatively low-impedance path to ground, thereby maintaining the system neutral at or near ground potential. [3] Limit the magnitude of transient over voltages when restriking ground faults occur. Provide a source of ground fault current during line-to-ground faults. Permit the connection of phase-to-neutral loads when desired. [2]
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An earth ground connection of the system dissipates such potentials and limits the rise in voltage of the grounded system. In a mains electricity (AC power) wiring installation, the term ground conductor typically refers to two different conductors or conductor systems as listed below:
The designations of the three contacts may vary. The IEC standards use the Line designations L1, L2 and L3. [15] NEMA standards use the Phase designations X, Y and Z. [16] Sockets intended for use with the American split Phase distribution system may have two line contacts and neutral. In this case the line designators X and Y are used. [16]
English: Circuit diagram illustrating a ground loop.Two circuits share a common ground wire. The voltage of the ground connection, V G, should ideally be zero.However if the ground conductor has significant resistance, R G, the current flowing through it from circuit 1 will cause a voltage drop across it V G = I 1 R G.