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Treatment for NSP is mostly supportive with monitoring and symptom management. Intravenous fluids and observation of respiratory function are the mainstay of treatment along with pain control. Activated charcoal can be given if the patient presents within four hours of consumption to decontaminate the gastrointestinal tract.
Some dinoflagellates produce resting stages, called dinoflagellate cysts or dinocysts, as part of their lifecycles; this occurs in 84 of the 350 described freshwater species and a little more than 10% of the known marine species. [9] [10] Dinoflagellates are alveolates possessing two flagella, the ancestral condition of bikonts.
Adult Siamese fighting fish (Betta splendens) with velvet disease. Oodinium is a genus of parasitic dinoflagellates.Their hosts are salt- and fresh-water fish, causing a type of fish velvet disease (also called gold dust disease).
Velvet disease (also called gold-dust, rust and coral disease) is a fish disease caused by dinoflagellate parasites of the genera Amyloodinium in marine fish, and Oodinium in freshwater fish. The disease gives infected organisms a dusty, brownish-gold color.
Top row: unaffected fish; bottom row: fish preyed upon by the carnivorous alga Pfiesteria shumwayae.. Predatory dinoflagellates are predatory heterotrophic or mixotrophic alveolates that derive some or most of their nutrients from digesting other organisms.
Gambierdiscus toxicus is the primary dinoflagellate responsible for the production of a number of similar polyether toxins, including ciguatoxin, maitotoxin and possibly palytoxin. [17] [18] Other dinoflagellates that may cause ciguatera include Prorocentrum spp., Ostreopsis spp., Coolia spp., Thecadinium spp. and Amphidinium spp. [19]
Here’s how to get rid of chest congestion medically and naturally, according to experts.
Alexandrium is an opportunistic dinoflagellate and thus it can bloom in nutrient-rich and nutrient-poor areas. For most species, in order for the bloom to be positively regulated it must be in a water body with high surface water temperatures, maximum water column stability, low nutrients, and low winds.