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Treatment for NSP is mostly supportive with monitoring and symptom management. Intravenous fluids and observation of respiratory function are the mainstay of treatment along with pain control. Activated charcoal can be given if the patient presents within four hours of consumption to decontaminate the gastrointestinal tract.
Saxitoxin is a neurotoxin naturally produced by certain species of marine dinoflagellates (Alexandrium sp., Gymnodinium sp., Pyrodinium sp.) and freshwater cyanobacteria (Dolichospermum cicinale sp., some Aphanizomenon spp., Cylindrospermopsis sp., Lyngbya sp., Planktothrix sp.) [1] [2] Saxitoxin accumulates in "planktivorous invertebrates, including mollusks (bivalves and gastropods ...
Some dinoflagellates produce resting stages, called dinoflagellate cysts or dinocysts, as part of their lifecycles; this occurs in 84 of the 350 described freshwater species and a little more than 10% of the known marine species. [9] [10] Dinoflagellates are alveolates possessing two flagella, the ancestral condition of bikonts.
With minor exposure, spontaneous recovery can thus be expected. In the relatively rare case of clinically significant respiratory paralysis, symptomatic treatment in the form of oxygen supplementation and/or mechanical ventilation should be employed until symptoms subside. [citation needed]
Top row: unaffected fish; bottom row: fish preyed upon by the carnivorous alga Pfiesteria shumwayae.. Predatory dinoflagellates are predatory heterotrophic or mixotrophic alveolates that derive some or most of their nutrients from digesting other organisms.
Karenia follow the typical life cycle of a dinoflagellate with a motile, haploid, asexual cell with regular mitotic divisions. [1] This binary fission reproduction occurs once about every 2–10 days, and division occurs primarily at night (Brand et al., 2012). [ 1 ]
Amyloodinium ocellatum (Brown, 1931) is a cosmopolitan ectoparasite dinoflagellate of numerous aquatic organisms living in brackish and seawater environments. The dinoflagellate is endemic in temperate and tropical areas, and is capable of successfully adapting to a variety of different environments and to a great number of hosts, having been identified in four phyla of aquatic organisms ...
Pfiesteria piscicida is a dinoflagellate species of the genus Pfiesteria that some researchers claim was responsible for many harmful algal blooms in the 1980s and 1990s on the coast of North Carolina and Maryland. North Carolinian media in the 1990s referred to the organism as the cell from hell. It is known to populate estuaries. [1]