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No specific set of criteria has been developed for diagnosis of pacemaker syndrome. Most of the signs and symptoms of pacemaker syndrome are nonspecific, and many are prevalent in the elderly population at baseline. In the lab, pacemaker interrogation plays a crucial role in determining if the pacemaker mode had any contribution to symptoms.
Pacemaker: Coordinates contractions between ventricles. In people at risk of arrhythmias , drug therapy or an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD). ICDs: Small devices implanted in the chest to monitor heart rhythm and deliver electrical shocks to control abnormal heartbeats.
The hexaxial reference system is a diagram that is used to determine the heart's electrical axis in the frontal plane.. In electrocardiography, left axis deviation (LAD) is a condition wherein the mean electrical axis of ventricular contraction of the heart lies in a frontal plane direction between −30° and −90°.
[1] [5] People with TIC may have symptoms associated with heart failure (e.g. shortness of breath or ankle swelling) and/or symptoms related to the tachycardia or arrhythmia (e.g. palpitations). [1] [2] Though atrial fibrillation is the most common cause of TIC, several tachycardias and arrhythmias have been associated with the disease. [5] [1]
Given the demographics of SCAD, it is important to maintain a high index of suspicion for the condition in otherwise low-risk women presenting with symptoms of acute coronary syndrome. Initial evaluation may show ECG changes of ST elevation, like heart attacks due to other causes. SCAD comprises 2-4% of all cases of acute coronary syndrome. [14]
Broken heart syndrome is caused by extreme emotional or physical stress. [3] Treatment depends on the type of cardiomyopathy and the severity of symptoms. [5] Treatments may include lifestyle changes, medications, or surgery. [5] Surgery may include a ventricular assist device or heart transplant. [5]
An ectopic pacemaker, also known as ectopic focus or ectopic foci, is an excitable group of cells that causes a premature heart beat outside the normally functioning SA node of the heart. It is thus a cardiac pacemaker that is ectopic , producing an ectopic beat .
Women may be more aware of PVCs at the time of the menstrual period. [ 2 ] Premature ventricular contractions may be associated with underlying heart disease, and certain characteristics are therefore elicited routinely: the presence of signs of heart disease or a known history of heart disease (e.g. previous myocardial infarction ), as well as ...