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Thebaine (paramorphine), also known as codeine methyl enol ether, is an opiate alkaloid, its name coming from the Greek Θῆβαι, Thēbai (Thebes), an ancient city in Upper Egypt. A minor constituent of opium , thebaine is chemically similar to both morphine and codeine , but has stimulatory rather than depressant effects.
The psychoactive compounds found in the opium plant include morphine, codeine, and thebaine (figure below is wrong, thebaine is "3,6-Dimethoxy-"). Opiates have long been used for a variety of medical conditions, with evidence of opiate trade and use for pain relief as early as the eighth century AD. [ 4 ]
Morphine. Synthesis of morphine-like alkaloids in chemistry describes the total synthesis of the natural morphinan class of alkaloids that includes codeine, morphine, oripavine, and thebaine and the closely related semisynthetic analogs methorphan, buprenorphine, hydromorphone, hydrocodone, isocodeine, naltrexone, nalbuphine, oxymorphone, oxycodone, and naloxone.
Opium (or poppy tears, scientific name: Lachryma papaveris) is dried latex obtained from the seed capsules of the opium poppy Papaver somniferum. [4] Approximately 12 percent of opium is made up of the analgesic alkaloid morphine, which is processed chemically to produce heroin and other synthetic opioids for medicinal use and for the illegal drug trade.
The plant contains a latex that thickens into opium when it is dried. Opium contains approximately 40 alkaloids, which are summarized as opium alkaloids. [6] The main psychoactive alkaloids are: Morphine: 3 to 20% in opium [6] Codeine 0.1 to 4% in opium [6] Thebaine 0.1 to 4% in opium [6] Noscapine 1 to 11% in opium [6] Oripavine
Opium concentrates using solvents other than acidifed or plain water are often but not necessarily called PSC. [13] Poppies of the Norman and Przemko strains contain much higher amounts of thebaine and oripavine and have morphine concentrations down to under 1% versus up to 26% in high-morphine strains. [14]
That day, in August 2013, Patrick got in the car and put the duffel bag on a seat. Inside was a talisman he’d been given by the treatment facility: a hardcover fourth edition of the Alcoholics Anonymous bible known as “The Big Book.”
Oripavine is an opioid and the major metabolite of thebaine.It is the precursor to the semi-synthetic compounds etorphine and buprenorphine.Although this chemical compound has analgesic potency comparable to morphine, it is not used clinically due to severe adverse effects and a low therapeutic index.