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Philadelphia's Kensington Glass Works, around 1771, may have been the first American glass plant to use coal to power its furnace. [66] In the 1790s, the O'Hara and Craig glass works was the first glass works in Pittsburgh, and this works was another early user of coal as a fuel for its furnaces.
Green and white sea glass. Sea glass are naturally weathered pieces of the anthropogenic glass fragments of typically drinkwares, which often have the appearance of tumbled stones. Sea glass is physically polished and chemically weathered glass found on beaches along bodies of salt water. These weathering processes produce natural frosted glass ...
A very important advance in glass manufacture was the technique of adding lead oxide to the molten glass; this improved the appearance of the glass and made it easier to melt using sea-coal as a furnace fuel. This technique also increased the "working period" of the glass, making it easier to manipulate.
The thin-glass bottles were probably made in England, Ard added, as the Spanish did not make their own glass. "Onion bottles are free blown using a pontil," Ard said. "Each one is unique, so there ...
The American Nation: A History of the United States: AP Edition (2008) Egerton, Douglas R. et al. The Atlantic World: A History, 1400–1888 (2007), college textbook; 530pp; Elliott, John H. Empires of the Atlantic World: Britain and Spain in America 1492–1830 (2007), 608pp excerpt and text search, advanced synthesis
Moya Pons, F. History of the Caribbean: Plantations, Trade, and War in the Atlantic World (2007) Palmié, Stephan and Francisco Scarano, eds. The Caribbean: A History of the Region and Its Peoples (U of Chicago Press, 2011) 660 pp; Ratekin, Mervyn. "The Early Sugar Industry in Española," Hispanic American Historical Review 34:2(1954):1-19.
Indigenous people in Mesoamerica introduced it to the Spanish and Portuguese, but they kept the beloved xocalatl from the rest of Europe for nearly a century. Chunkey – a Native American game where a person rolls a hoop covered in a leather strap framework and tries to hit it with spears or arrows.
West African Atlantic trading centers like Elmina, pictured here in 1575, had communities of Atlantic Creoles; some ended up in the Americas, both free and captive. [1] Atlantic Creole is a cultural identifier of those with origins in the transatlantic settlement of the Americas via Europe and Africa. [2] [3] [4]