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2. Electro-optic modulator - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electro-optic_modulator

   A phase modulating EOM can also be used as an amplitude modulator by using a Mach–Zehnder interferometer. This alternative technique is often used in integrated optics where the requirements of phase stability is more easily achieved. The beam splitter divides the laser light into two paths, one of which has a phase modulator as described above.

3. Fluorescence-lifetime imaging microscopy - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorescence-lifetime...

   Fluorescence lifetimes can be determined in the frequency domain by a phase-modulation method. The method uses a light source that is pulsed or modulated at high frequency (up to 500 MHz) such as an LED, diode laser or a continuous wave source combined with an electro-optic modulator or an acousto-optic modulator. The fluorescence is (a ...

4. Mach–Zehnder interferometer - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mach–Zehnder_interferometer

   The interferometer has been used, among other things, to measure phase shifts between the two beams caused by a sample or a change in length of one of the paths. The apparatus is named after the physicists Ludwig Mach (the son of Ernst Mach ) and Ludwig Zehnder ; Zehnder's proposal in an 1891 article [ 1 ] was refined by Mach in an 1892 article ...

5. Phase-contrast microscopy - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-contrast_microscopy

   Phase-contrast microscopy is particularly important in biology. It reveals many cellular structures that are invisible with a bright-field microscope, as exemplified in the figure. These structures were made visible to earlier microscopists by staining, but this required additional preparation and death of the cells. The phase-contrast ...

6. Optical modulator - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_modulator

   An optical modulator is a device which is used to modulate a beam of light. The beam may be carried over free space, or propagated through an optical waveguide (optical fibre). Depending on the parameter of a light beam which is manipulated, modulators may be categorized into amplitude modulators, phase modulators, polarization modulators, etc.

7. Optical transfer function - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_transfer_function

   The three-dimensional point spread functions (a,c) and corresponding modulation transfer functions (b,d) of a wide-field microscope (a,b) and confocal microscope (c,d). In both cases the numerical aperture of the objective is 1.49 and the refractive index of the medium 1.52.

8. Do Baking Supplies Expire? From Flour to Salt, Here's When ...

   www.aol.com/baking-supplies-expire-flour-salt...

   It's a classic tale: You have last-minute guests coming over for dinner or a bake sale fundraiser you didn't find out about until the night before—and now you need to concoct some tasty treats ...

9. Optical modulators using semiconductor nano-structures

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_modulators_using...

   An optical modulator is an optical device which is used to modulate a beam of light with a perturbation device. It is a kind of transmitter to convert information to optical binary signal through optical fiber (optical waveguide) or transmission medium of optical frequency in fiber optic communication.