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  2. Network interface controller - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_interface_controller

    A network interface controller (NIC, also known as a network interface card, [3] network adapter, LAN adapter and physical network interface [4]) is a computer hardware component that connects a computer to a computer network. [5] Early network interface controllers were commonly implemented on expansion cards that plugged into a computer bus.

  3. Network Driver Interface Specification - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_Driver_Interface...

    NDIS 6.83: Windows 10, version 1903 and Windows Server 2022 [10] NDIS 6.84: Windows 10, version 2004 [11] NDIS 6.85: Windows 10, version 21H2 [12] NDIS 6.86: Windows 11, version 21H2 [13] NDIS 6.87: Windows 11, version 22H2 [14] NDIS 6.88: Windows Server 2022, version 23H2 [15] NDIS 6.89: Windows 11, version 24H2 [16] The traffic accepted by ...

  4. Link aggregation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Link_aggregation

    Link aggregation also allows the network's backbone speed to grow incrementally as demand on the network increases, without having to replace everything and deploy new hardware. Most backbone installations install more cabling or fiber optic pairs than is initially necessary.

  5. Wake-on-LAN - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wake-on-LAN

    To further reduce power consumption, the link speed is usually reduced to the lowest possible speed (e.g. a Gigabit Ethernet NIC maintains only a 10 Mbit/s link). Disabling Wake-on-LAN, when not needed, can slightly reduce power consumption on computers that are switched off but still plugged into a power socket. [6]

  6. Bandwidth throttling - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandwidth_throttling

    Limiting the speed of data sent by a data originator (a client computer or a server computer) is much more efficient than limiting the speed in an intermediate network device between client and server because while in the first case usually no network packets are lost, in the second case network packets can be lost / discarded whenever ingoing data speed overcomes the bandwidth limit or the ...

  7. Bit time - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bit_time

    It is defined as the time it takes for one bit to be ejected from a network interface controller (NIC) operating at some predefined standard speed, such as 10 Mbit/s. The time is measured between the time the logical link control sublayer receives the instruction from the operating system until the bit actually leaves the NIC.

  8. TCP offload engine - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCP_offload_engine

    TCP offload engine (TOE) is a technology used in some network interface cards (NIC) to offload processing of the entire TCP/IP stack to the network controller. It is primarily used with high-speed network interfaces, such as gigabit Ethernet and 10 Gigabit Ethernet, where processing overhead of the network stack becomes significant.

  9. Autonegotiation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonegotiation

    Autonegotiation is a signaling mechanism and procedure used by Ethernet over twisted pair by which two connected devices choose common transmission parameters, such as speed, duplex mode, and flow control. In this process, the connected devices first share their capabilities regarding these parameters and then choose the highest-performance ...