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Dynamic nanoindentation with continuous stiffness measurement (CSM) Dynamic nanoindentation or continuous stiffness measurement (CSM, also offered commercially as CMX, dynamics...), introduced in 1989, [4] is a significant improvement over the quasi-static mode described above.
The stiffness, , of a body is a measure of the resistance offered by an elastic body to deformation. For an elastic body with a single degree of freedom (DOF) (for example, stretching or compression of a rod), the stiffness is defined as k = F δ {\displaystyle k={\frac {F}{\delta }}} where,
Dynamic mechanical analysis (abbreviated DMA) is a technique used to study and characterize materials. It is most useful for studying the viscoelastic behavior of polymers . A sinusoidal stress is applied and the strain in the material is measured, allowing one to determine the complex modulus .
Stiffness is measured in force per unit length (newtons per millimetre or N/mm), and is equivalent to the 'force constant' in Hooke's Law. The deflection of a structure under loading is dependent on its stiffness. The dynamic response of a structure to dynamic loads (the natural frequency of a structure) is also dependent on its stiffness.
The direct stiffness method was developed specifically to effectively and easily implement into computer software to evaluate complicated structures that contain a large number of elements. Today, nearly every finite element solver available is based on the direct stiffness method.
Elastic constants are specific parameters that quantify the stiffness of a material in response to applied stresses and are fundamental in defining the elastic properties of materials. These constants form the elements of the stiffness matrix in tensor notation, which relates stress to strain through linear equations in anisotropic materials.
The shear modulus is one of several quantities for measuring the stiffness of materials. All of them arise in the generalized Hooke's law: . Young's modulus E describes the material's strain response to uniaxial stress in the direction of this stress (like pulling on the ends of a wire or putting a weight on top of a column, with the wire getting longer and the column losing height),
Dynamic modulus (sometimes complex modulus [1]) is the ratio of stress to strain under vibratory conditions (calculated from data obtained from either free or forced vibration tests, in shear, compression, or elongation).