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For a sample of n values, a method of moments estimator of the population excess kurtosis can be defined as = = = (¯) [= (¯)] where m 4 is the fourth sample moment about the mean, m 2 is the second sample moment about the mean (that is, the sample variance), x i is the i th value, and ¯ is the sample mean.
In the following, { x i } denotes a sample of n observations, g 1 and g 2 are the sample skewness and kurtosis, m j ’s are the j-th sample central moments, and ¯ is the sample mean. Frequently in the literature related to normality testing, the skewness and kurtosis are denoted as √ β 1 and β 2 respectively.
For instance, the Laplace distribution has a kurtosis of 6 and weak exponential tails, but a larger 4th L-moment ratio than e.g. the student-t distribution with d.f.=3, which has an infinite kurtosis and much heavier tails. As an example consider a dataset with a few data points and one outlying data value.
In addition, all the parameters of the distribution – location (e.g., mean), scale (e.g., variance) and shape (skewness and kurtosis) – can be modeled as linear, nonlinear or smooth functions of explanatory variables.
In statistics, the Jarque–Bera test is a goodness-of-fit test of whether sample data have the skewness and kurtosis matching a normal distribution. The test is named after Carlos Jarque and Anil K. Bera. The test statistic is always nonnegative. If it is far from zero, it signals the data do not have a normal distribution.
where is the beta function, is the location parameter, > is the scale parameter, < < is the skewness parameter, and > and > are the parameters that control the kurtosis. and are not parameters, but functions of the other parameters that are used here to scale or shift the distribution appropriately to match the various parameterizations of this distribution.
where ¯ is the sample mean, s is the sample standard deviation, m 2 is the (biased) sample second central moment, and m 3 is the (biased) sample third central moment. [6] is a method of moments estimator. Another common definition of the sample skewness is [6] [7]
Most simply, they can be estimated in terms of the higher moments, using the method of moments, as in the skewness (3rd moment) or kurtosis (4th moment), if the higher moments are defined and finite. Estimators of shape often involve higher-order statistics (non-linear functions of the data), as in the higher moments, but linear estimators also ...