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The expected return (or expected gain) on a financial investment is the expected value of its return (of the profit on the investment). It is a measure of the center of the distribution of the random variable that is the return. [1] It is calculated by using the following formula: [] = = where
The return, or the holding period return, can be calculated over a single period.The single period may last any length of time. The overall period may, however, instead be divided into contiguous subperiods. This means that there is more than one time period, each sub-period beginning at the point in time where the previous one ended. In such a case, where there are
An investment’s “expected return” is a critical number, but in theory it is fairly simple: It is the total amount of money you can expect to gain or lose on an investment with a predictable ...
Internal rate of return (IRR) is a method of calculating an investment's rate of return.The term internal refers to the fact that the calculation excludes external factors, such as the risk-free rate, inflation, the cost of capital, or financial risk.
Return on investment is the ratio of the purchase price to the difference between the purchase price and the selling price. Even though it is a ratio, it is usually expressed as a percentage.
Portfolio optimization is the process of selecting an optimal portfolio (asset distribution), out of a set of considered portfolios, according to some objective.The objective typically maximizes factors such as expected return, and minimizes costs like financial risk, resulting in a multi-objective optimization problem.
E s is the expected return for a security; R f is the expected risk-free return in that market (government bond yield); β s is the sensitivity to market risk for the security; R m is the historical return of the stock market; and (R m – R f) is the risk premium of market assets over risk free assets.
This "required return" thus incorporates: Time value of money ( risk-free rate ) – according to the theory of time preference , investors would rather have cash immediately than having to wait and must therefore be compensated by paying for the delay.