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Maenad and satyr. Ancient Greek kylix by Makron, 490-480 BC. Staatliche Antikensammlungen München Kat. 94. The term "maenads" also refers to women in mythology who resisted the worship of Dionysus and were driven mad by him, forced against their will to participate in often horrific rites.
In Greek mythology, a satyr [a] (Ancient Greek: σάτυρος, romanized: sátyros, pronounced), also known as a silenus [b] or silenos (Ancient Greek: σειληνός, romanized: seilēnós [seːlɛːnós]), and sileni (plural), is a male nature spirit with ears and a tail resembling those of a horse, as well as a permanent, exaggerated erection.
English: Menade (or maenad) in silk dress, a Roman fresco from the Casa del Naviglio in Pompeii, 1st century AD, Naples National Museum. Italiano: Menade danzante, in abito di seta. Affresco (cm 66 x 52) del I secolo d.C. da Pompei , Casa del Naviglio (VI, 10, 11), oggi al Museo Archeologico Nazionale di Napoli (inv. nr. 9298).
A drinking cup, c. 490–480 B.C., depicting a maenad and a satyr.. The satyr play is a form of Attic theatre performance related to both comedy and tragedy.It preserves theatrical elements of dialogue, actors speaking verse, a chorus that dances and sings, masks and costumes.
Furthermore, the outwardly facing satyr invites the viewer to become a participant in the scene of dancing maenads, which were similar to girls who could be seen dancing at a party. [3] The gaze of the outwardly facing figure is a classic example of breaking the fourth wall , and the gaze often urges the viewer to share the figure's emotion.
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A.B. Cook noted that her myth "took on a Dionysiac colouring, Antiope being represented as a Maenad and Zeus as a Satyr". [5] This is the sole mythic episode in which Zeus transforms into a satyr. Being pregnant with Zeus's child, Antiope feared the wrath of her father, Nycteus, and fled to Sicyon , where she married Epopeus. [ 6 ]
The Lenaia is depicted on numerous vases, which show both typical Maenad scenes and those of aristocrats and wine-mixing rituals.It is unknown exactly what kind of worship occurred at the festival, but it may have been in honor of Dionysus as a youth or the rebirth of Dionysus after his murder by the Titans. [2]