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A kernel is a component of a computer operating system. [1] A comparison of system kernels can provide insight into the design and architectural choices made by the developers of particular operating systems.
Kernel type Kernel programming language Kernel thread support OS family Oldest non-EOL version [Note 1] Forks; Linux: GPL version 2 only: Monolithic with modules C: 1:1 Unix-like: 4.4 elks: FreeBSD: BSD; GPL, LGPL software usually included Monolithic with modules C 1:1 BSD, Unix-like 11 DragonFly BSD OpenBSD: BSD Monolithic C 1:1 BSD, Unix-like ...
The Linux kernel is a free and open source, [12]: 4 UNIX-like kernel that is used in many computer systems worldwide. The kernel was created by Linus Torvalds in 1991 and was soon adopted as the kernel for the GNU operating system (OS) which was created to be a free replacement for Unix .
A common example is file handling: a file is a representation of information stored on a permanent storage device. The kernel may be able to perform many different operations, including read, write, delete or execute, but a user-level application may only be permitted to perform some of these operations (e.g., it may only be allowed to read the ...
A Unix kernel — the core or key components of the operating system — consists of many kernel subsystems like process management, scheduling, file management, device management, network management, memory management, and dealing with interrupts from hardware devices. Each of the subsystems has some features:
For example, if you wanted to use the DOS dir to give you a directory listing with one detailed file listing per line you could use {{{1}}} (e.g. in a session configuration file). ^ May be omitted. Simply entering the directory name will change to it.
The 2.1 kernels were development kernels [449] 2.0 9 June 1996 [467] 2.0.40 [468] David Weinehall officially made obsolete with the kernel 2.2.0 release [469] Symmetric multiprocessing (SMP) support [470] Larry Ewing created the Tux mascot in 1996 1.3 12 June 1995: 1.3.100 [471] Linus Torvalds: EOL
Throughout the early history of Unix, kernels were generally small, even though they contained various device drivers and file system implementations. When address spaces increased from 16 to 32 bits, kernel design was no longer constrained by the hardware architecture, and kernels began to grow larger.