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Catalyst's cycle duration is also dependent on the feedstock. However, independently of the crude oil used in the refinery, all catalysts require a maximum final boiling point of the naphtha feedstock of 180 °C.
A typical fluid catalytic cracking unit in a petroleum refinery. Fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) is the conversion process used in petroleum refineries to convert the high-boiling point, high-molecular weight hydrocarbon fractions of petroleum (crude oils) into gasoline, alkene gases, and other petroleum products.
An oil refinery or petroleum refinery is an industrial process plant where ... An important byproduct of a reformer is hydrogen released during the catalyst reaction ...
In an industrial hydrodesulfurization unit, such as in a refinery, the hydrodesulfurization reaction takes place in a fixed-bed reactor at elevated temperatures ranging from 300 to 400 °C and elevated pressures ranging from 30 to 130 atmospheres of absolute pressure, typically in the presence of a catalyst consisting of an alumina base ...
Therefore, solid catalyst processes have two major hurdles to overcome: catalyst life and catalyst regeneration. Solid alkylation catalyst technology was first commercialized on August 18, 2015, with the successful start-up of an alky unit at the Wonfull Refinery in Shandong Province, China.
The catalyst in some versions of the process is a water-soluble liquid. In other versions, the catalyst is impregnated into charcoal granules. Processes within oil refineries or natural gas processing plants that remove mercaptans and/or hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S) are commonly referred to as sweetening processes because they result in products ...
The Penex process is a continuous catalytic process used in the refining of crude oil. It isomerizes light naphtha (C 5 /C 6) into higher-octane, branched C 5 /C 6 molecules. It also reduces the concentration of benzene in the gasoline pool. [1] It was first used commercially in 1958. [2]
The "spent" catalyst then flows into a fluidized-bed regenerator where air (or in some cases air plus oxygen) is used to burn off the coke to restore catalyst activity and also provide the necessary heat for the next reaction cycle, cracking being an endothermic reaction. The "regenerated" catalyst then flows to the base of the riser, repeating ...