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American elm is a vase-shaped, medium to large, deciduous tree. [4] The tree can grow to greater than 30 m in height, and is distinguished by its dense, symmetrical, upright form and dark green foliage, ultimately forming a broad umbrella crown. Crotch angles can be acute, with considerable bark inclusion which can later lead to branch breakages.
Tree height is the vertical distance between the base of the tree and the highest sprig at the top of the tree. The base of the tree is measured for both height and girth as being the elevation at which the pith of the tree intersects the ground surface beneath, or "where the acorn sprouted."
The leaves are broad and soft, 8–15 cm (3–6 in) long and 6–12 cm (2.5–4.5 in) broad, with three shallow forward-pointing lobes. [ 3 ] The fruit is a samara ; the seeds are about 27 mm (1.1 in) long and 11 mm (0.43 in) broad, with a wing angle of 145° and a conspicuously veined pedicel.
However, as the tree is heavily buttressed, and irregular in shape, a calculation of nominal diameter, defined as the cross-sectional wood area expressed as a circle, gives this tree a diameter at breast height of 30.8 feet (9.4 m)—a much smaller number, but a more accurate representation of the tree's size. [10]
American Forests, for example, uses a formula to calculate Big Tree Points as part of their Big Tree Program [3] that awards a tree 1 point for each foot of height, 1 point for each inch of girth, and 1 / 4 point for each foot of crown spread. The tree whose point total is the highest for that species is crowned as the champion in their ...
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The base of the tree is where the projection of the pith (center) of the tree intersects the existing supporting surface upon which the tree is growing or where the seed sprouted. [1] [2] If the tree is growing on the side of a cliff, the base of the tree is at the point where the pith would intersect the cliff side. Roots extending down from ...
[14] [15] The roots are shallow, widely spread, and send up suckers. [12] The numerous stems per plant become scaly with age. The tree has a crown width and height of 10 feet at maturity. [16] The branches are thorny. The leaves are alternately arranged, with an oval shape. The leaf length is usually 5.1–10.2 centimetres (2–4 inches) long.