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Raoult's law (/ ˈ r ɑː uː l z / law) is a relation of physical chemistry, with implications in thermodynamics.Proposed by French chemist François-Marie Raoult in 1887, [1] [2] it states that the partial pressure of each component of an ideal mixture of liquids is equal to the vapor pressure of the pure component (liquid or solid) multiplied by its mole fraction in the mixture.
Problem 3 again explores the ellipse, but now treats the further case where the center of attraction is at one of its foci. "A body orbits in an ellipse: there is required the law of centripetal force tending to a focus of the ellipse." Here Newton finds the centripetal force to produce motion in this configuration would be inversely ...
An osmotic coefficient is a quantity which characterises the deviation of a solvent from ideal behaviour, referenced to Raoult's law.It can be also applied to solutes. Its definition depends on the ways of expressing chemical composition of mixtures.
Köhler theory combines the Kelvin effect, which describes the change in vapor pressure due to a curved surface, with Raoult's Law, which relates the vapor pressure to the solute concentration. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] It was initially published in 1936 by Hilding Köhler , Professor of Meteorology in the Uppsala University.
The Margules activity model is a simple thermodynamic model for the excess Gibbs free energy of a liquid mixture introduced in 1895 by Max Margules. [1] [2] After Lewis had introduced the concept of the activity coefficient, the model could be used to derive an expression for the activity coefficients of a compound i in a liquid, a measure for the deviation from ideal solubility, also known as ...
The fugacity of a condensed phase (liquid or solid) is defined the same way as for a gas: = and = It is difficult to measure fugacity in a condensed phase directly; but if the condensed phase is saturated (in equilibrium with the vapor phase), the chemical potentials of the two phases are equal (μ c = μ g).
Works by or about François-Marie Raoult at the Internet Archive; Jones, Harry C. (1899). The Modern Theory of Solutions: Memoirs by Pfeffer, Van't Hoff, Arrhenius, and Raoult. New York: Harper and Brothers. (Contains reprints of three papers by Raoult) General Law of the Freezing of Solutions (Comptes Rendus 95, 1030 - 1033, 1882)
In terms of thermodynamic, boiling point elevation has an entropic origin and can be explained by using the vapor pressure or chemical potential. The vapor pressure affects the solute shown by Raoult's Law while the free energy change and chemical potential are shown by Gibbs free energy.