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The history of Aragonese Athens, called Cetines (rarely Athenes) by the conquerors, is obscure. Athens was a veguería with its own castellan , captain, and veguer . At some point during the Aragonese period, the Acropolis was further fortified and the Athenian archdiocese received an extra two suffragan sees.
In the 3rd century, Alexander of Aphrodisias wrote a commentary on the first five books of the Metaphysics, [65] and a commentary transmitted under his name exists for the final nine, but modern scholars doubt that this part was written by him. [66] Themistius wrote an epitome of the work, of which book 12 survivies in a Hebrew translation. [67]
In the classical period, Athens was a centre for the arts, learning, and philosophy, the home of Plato's Academy and Aristotle's Lyceum, [2] [3] Athens was also the birthplace of Socrates, Plato, Pericles, Aristophanes, Sophocles, and many other prominent philosophers, writers, and politicians of the ancient world.
With its fleet, Athens obtained hegemony over the rest of the Greek city-states forming the First Athenian Empire. Its fleet was destroyed and its empire lost during the Peloponnesian War. Athens regained some of its naval power after the Second Athenian League was rebuilt; however, it never fully recovered as its rivals were much stronger than ...
The History explains that the primary cause of the Peloponnesian War was the "growth in power of Athens, and the alarm which this inspired in Sparta" (1.23.6). Thucydides traces the development of Athenian power through the growth of the Athenian empire in the years 479 BC to 432 BC in book one of the History (1.89–118). The legitimacy of the ...
The Ancient Greeks: A critical history (Harvard University Press, 1983). ISBN 0-674-03314-0. Kagan, Donald. The Peloponnesian War (Penguin Books, 2003). ISBN 0-670-03211-5. Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War (Original text, translated into English). Kagan, Donald, The Fall of the Athenian Empire, p. 147. Cornell University Press, 1991.
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The Athenians executed the men of fighting age [24] and sold the women and children into slavery. They then settled 500 of their own colonists on the island. [25]In 405 BC, by which time Athens was losing the war, the Spartan general Lysander expelled the Athenian colonists from Melos and restored the survivors of the siege to the island.