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The electrophilic Br-Br molecule interacts with electron-rich alkene molecule to form a π-complex 1. Forming of a three-membered bromonium ion The alkene is working as an electron donor and bromine as an electrophile. The three-membered bromonium ion 2 consisted of two carbon atoms and a bromine atom forms with a release of Br −.
The partial rate factor of electrophilic aromatic substitution on fluorobenzene is often larger than one at the para position, making it an activating group. [11] Conversely, it is moderately deactivated at the ortho and meta positions, due to the proximity of these positions to the electronegative fluoro substituent.
Directed ortho metalation (DoM) is an adaptation of electrophilic aromatic substitution in which electrophiles attach themselves exclusively to the ortho-position of a direct metalation group or DMG through the intermediary of an aryllithium compound. [1] The DMG interacts with lithium through a hetero atom.
Electrophilic aromatic substitution (S E Ar) is an organic reaction in which an atom that is attached to an aromatic system (usually hydrogen) is replaced by an electrophile. Some of the most important electrophilic aromatic substitutions are aromatic nitration , aromatic halogenation , aromatic sulfonation , alkylation Friedel–Crafts ...
Electrophilic substitution reactions are chemical reactions in which an electrophile displaces a functional group in a compound, which is typically, but not always, aromatic. Aromatic substitution reactions are characteristic of aromatic compounds and are common ways of introducing functional groups into benzene rings.
Electrophilic aminating reagents rely on the presence of an electron-withdrawing functional group attached to nitrogen. A variety of hydroxylamine derivatives have been used for this purpose. Sulfonylhydroxylamines are able to aminate a wide array of carbanions. [8] Azo compounds afford hydrazines after addition to the N=N bond.
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In organic chemistry, aromatic sulfonation is an reaction in which a hydrogen atom on an arene is replaced by a sulfonic acid (−SO 2 OH) group. Together with nitration and chlorination, aromatic sulfonation is a widely used electrophilic aromatic substitutions. [1] Aryl sulfonic acids are used as detergents, dye, and drugs.