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The basal ganglia (BG) or basal nuclei are a group of subcortical nuclei found in the brains of vertebrates. In humans and other primates , differences exist, primarily in the division of the globus pallidus into external and internal regions, and in the division of the striatum .
The subthalamic nucleus (STN) is a small lens-shaped nucleus in the brain where it is, from a functional point of view, part of the basal ganglia system. In terms of anatomy, it is the major part of the subthalamus. As suggested by its name, the subthalamic nucleus is located ventral to the thalamus.
The pallidothalamic tracts (or pallidothalamic connections) [1] are a part of the basal ganglia. They provide connectivity between the internal globus pallidus (GPi) and the thalamus , primarily the ventral anterior nucleus and the ventral lateral nucleus .
The basal ganglia are located bilaterally, and have rostral and caudal divisions. The putamen is located in the rostral division as part of the striatum. The basal ganglia receive input from the cerebral cortex, via the striatum. This is a transverse section of the striatum from a structural MR image.
The subthalamus is located ventral to the thalamus, medial to the internal capsule and lateral to the hypothalamus.It is a region formed by several grey matter nuclei and their associated white matter structures, namely: [3]
The globus pallidus (GP), also known as paleostriatum or dorsal pallidum, [1] is a major component of the subcortical basal ganglia in the brain.It consists of two adjacent segments, one external (or lateral), known in rodents simply as the globus pallidus, and one internal (or medial).
The basal ganglia functions to tonically inhibit movement, mainly in the absence of motor cortex command, via GABAergic inhibition of the ventral lateral nucleus and ventral anterior nucleus of the thalamus, as well as the superior colliculus and mesopontine tegmentum of the brain stem.
The cerebrum (pl.: cerebra), telencephalon or endbrain [1] is the largest part of the brain, containing the cerebral cortex (of the two cerebral hemispheres) as well as several subcortical structures, including the hippocampus, basal ganglia, and olfactory bulb. In the human brain, the cerebrum is the uppermost region of the central nervous system.