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Global horizontal irradiance (GHI) is the total irradiance from the Sun on a horizontal surface on Earth. It is the sum of direct irradiance (after accounting for the solar zenith angle of the Sun z ) and diffuse horizontal irradiance: [ 8 ]
Since 1978, solar irradiance has been directly measured by satellites with very good accuracy. [11]: 6 These measurements indicate that the Sun's total solar irradiance fluctuates by +-0.1% over the ~11 years of the solar cycle, but that its average value has been stable since the measurements started in 1978.
Solar irradiance spectrum at top of atmosphere, on a linear scale and plotted against wavenumber. The solar constant (G SC) measures the amount of energy received by a given area one astronomical unit away from the Sun. More specifically, it is a flux density measuring mean solar electromagnetic radiation (total solar irradiance) per unit
As the name suggests, this range is visible to the naked eye. It is also the strongest output range of the Sun's total irradiance spectrum. Infrared range that spans 700 nm to 1,000,000 nm (1 mm). It comprises an important part of the electromagnetic radiation that reaches Earth.
A stopgap solar irradiance instrument, the Total Solar Irradiance Calibration Transfer Experiment (TCTE), was launched in November 2013 on the U.S. Air Force's STPSat-3, [9] but a full replacement for SORCE did not launch until December 2017, when the Total and Spectral solar Irradiance Sensor (TSIS-1 and TSIS-2) was delivered to the ...
This corresponds to an average flux of 0.087 W/m 2 and represents only 0.027% of Earth's total energy budget at the surface, being dwarfed by the 173 000 TW of incoming solar radiation. [ 13 ] Human production of energy is even lower at an average 18 TW, corresponding to an estimated 160,000 TW-hr, for all of year 2019. [ 14 ]
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The SI unit of irradiance is the watt per square metre (W⋅m −2). The CGS unit erg per square centimetre per second (erg⋅cm −2 ⋅s −1) is often used in astronomy. Irradiance is often called intensity, but this term is avoided in radiometry where such usage leads to confusion with radiant intensity. In astrophysics, irradiance is ...