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In epidemiology, a clinical case definition, [1] a clinical definition, or simply a case definition [2] lists the clinical criteria by which public health professionals determine whether a person's illness is included as a case in an outbreak investigation—that is, whether a person is considered directly affected by an outbreak.
In a pattern recognition method the provider uses experience to recognize a pattern of clinical characteristics. [4]: 198, [6] It is mainly based on certain symptoms or signs being associated with certain diseases or conditions, not necessarily involving the more cognitive processing involved in a differential diagnosis.
A medical sign is an objective observable indication of a disease, injury, or medical condition that may be detected during a physical examination. [7] These signs may be visible, such as a rash or bruise, or otherwise detectable such as by using a stethoscope or taking blood pressure.
Inclusion and exclusion criteria define the characteristics that prospective subjects must have if they are to be included in a study. Although there is some unclarity concerning the distinction between the two, the ICH E3 guideline on reporting clinical studies suggests that
A clinical trial is a research study to answer specific questions about vaccines or new therapies or new ways of using known treatments. Clinical trials (also called medical research and research studies) are used to determine whether new drugs or treatments are both safe and effective.
Pathognomonic (rare synonym pathognomic [1]) is a term, often used in medicine, that means "characteristic for a particular disease".A pathognomonic sign is a particular sign whose presence means that a particular disease is present beyond any doubt.
Cohort studies differ from clinical trials in that no intervention, treatment, or exposure is administered to participants in a cohort design; and no control group is defined. Rather, cohort studies are largely about the life histories of segments of populations and the individual people who constitute these segments.
The Clinical Frailty Scale (CFS) is a scale used to assess frailty which was evolved from the Canadian Study of Health and Aging. It is a 9-point scale used to assess a persons frailty level, where a score of 1 point would mean a person is very fit and robust, to a score of 9 points meaning the person is severely frail and terminally ill. [9]