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The Quran was canonized only after Muhammad's death in 632 CE. According to Islamic tradition the third caliph, Uthman ibn Affan (r. 23/644–35 AH/655 CE) established the canonical Qur'an, reportedly starting the process in 644 CE, [6] and completing the work around 650 CE (the exact date was not recorded by early Arab annalists). [7]
The history of the Quran, the holy book of Islam, is the timeline ranging from the inception of the Quran during the lifetime of Muhammad (believed to have received the Quran through revelation between 610 and 632 CE [1]), to the emergence, transmission, and canonization of its written copies.
A page from the Sanaa manuscript — the oldest Islamic archaeological document to date.. Quranic studies is the academic application of a diverse set of disciplines to study the Quran (including its exegesis and historical reception), drawing on methods including but not limited to ancient history, philology, textual criticism, lexicography, codicology, literary criticism, comparative ...
The standard United Bible Societies 1905 edition of the New Testament of the Peshitta was based on editions prepared by Syriacists Philip E. Pusey (d. 1880), George Gwilliam (d. 1914) and John Gwyn. [48] All twenty seven books of the common western New Testament are included in this British & Foreign Bible Society's 1905 Peshitta edition.
There are several differences between the Quran and the Bible: In the Quran, Lot is described as a prophet, like his uncle Abraham. In Genesis (Genesis 19:1–29), Lot is not described as a prophet. In the New Testament, (2 Peter 2:7,8) Peter the Apostle describes Lot as a righteous man who was daily tormented by the lawless deeds he saw in Sodom.
Scholarly criticism of the Quran is thus a nascent field of study in the Islamic world. [3] [4] Scholars have identified several pre-existing sources for some Quranic narratives. [5] The Quran assumes its readers' familiarity with the Christian Bible and there are many parallels between the Bible and the Quran.
In the Quran, the Tawrāh, customarily translated as "Torah", refers to the divine scripture revealed to Moses as guidance for the Children of Israel. It contained laws, commandments, and stories of earlier prophets. [14] The Quran explains that the Gospel revealed to Jesus confirmed the Torah which came before it. [14]
According to Sunni Muslim tradition it was Abu Bakr (r. 632–634), the first caliph, who compiled The Quran, and Uthman (r. 644–656) the third caliph, who canonized the standard version of Quran since accepted and used by all Muslims worldwide. With the canonization, Uthman commanded that all earlier versions of the Quran be burned. [23]