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A caliph is the supreme religious and political leader of an Islamic state known as the caliphate. [1] [2] Caliphs (also known as 'Khalifas') led the Muslim Ummah as political successors to the Islamic prophet Muhammad, [3] and widely-recognised caliphates have existed in various forms for most of Islamic history.
History of Islam: Classical period, 571-1258 C.E by Masudul Hasan - 1998; Concise History of Islam by Muzaffar Husain Syed, Syed Saud Akhtar, B D Usmani - 2011; L'islam de Pétra Réponse à la thèse de Dan Gibson by X - 2020; You Sorry You Asked by Albert L. Masler, Jr. - 2002; Islam at War by George F. Nafziger, Mark W. Walton - 2003
This article includes a list of successive Islamic states and Muslim dynasties beginning with the time of the Islamic prophet Muhammad (570–632 CE) and the early Muslim conquests that spread Islam outside of the Arabian Peninsula, and continuing through to the present day.
The Rashidun army (Arabic: جيش الراشدين) was the core of the Rashidun Caliphate's armed forces during the early Muslim conquests in the 7th century. The army is reported to have maintained a high level of discipline, strategic prowess and organization, granting them successive victories in their various campaigns.
A caliphate (Arabic: خِلَافَةْ, romanized: khilāfah) is an institution or public office under the leadership of an Islamic steward with the title of caliph [1] [2] [3] (/ ˈ k æ l ɪ f, ˈ k eɪ-/; خَلِيفَةْ khalīfa [xæ'liːfæh], pronunciation ⓘ), a person considered a political–religious successor to the Islamic prophet Muhammad and a leader of the entire Muslim ...
The Arab–Khazar wars were a series of conflicts fought between the Khazar Khaganate and successive Arab caliphates in the Caucasus region from c. 642 to 799 CE. Smaller native principalities were also involved in the conflict as vassals of the two empires.
In the Weimar Republic, the Muslim communities supported Hussein and were opposed to the abolition of the Ottoman Caliphate. [47] Mahatma Gandhi, who was closely following the events in Palestine and the Muslim world supported the restoration of the caliphate but didn't take position on which he would support. [48]
This list may not reflect recent changes. I. ... Second Arab–Khazar War; M. Muslim conquest of the Maghreb;