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Among these was the use of liquid nitrogen for cooling the CMOS-based CPUs. The ETA10 successfully met the company's initial goals (10 GFLOPS), with some models achieving a cycle time of about 7 ns (143 MHz) - considered rapid by mid-1980s standards. They delivered seven liquid nitrogen-cooled versions and 27 smaller, air-cooled versions.
In a typical installation of liquid nitrogen cooling, a copper or aluminium pipe is mounted on top of the processor or graphics card. After the system has been heavily insulated against condensation, the liquid nitrogen is poured into the pipe, resulting in temperatures well below −100 °C (−148 °F).
In January 2021, a line carrying liquid nitrogen ruptured at a poultry processing plant in the U.S. state of Georgia, killing six people and injuring 11 others. [19] Because of its extremely low temperature, careless handling of liquid nitrogen and any objects cooled by it may result in cold burns. In that case, special gloves should be used ...
The heated liquid was cooled using chilled water heat exchangers and returned to the main tank. Work on the new design started in earnest in 1982, several years after the original start date. While this was going on the Cray X-MP was being developed under the direction of Steve Chen at Cray headquarters, and looked like it would give the Cray-2 ...
The partnership will also focus on creating liquid-cooled systems for high-performance computing (HPC), generative AI, and next-generation green data centers. Fujitsu and Supermicr
Peter Dearman, a garage inventor in Hertfordshire, UK who had initially developed a liquid air powered car, then put the technology to use as grid energy storage [5] The Dearman engine differs from former nitrogen engine designs in that the nitrogen is heated by combining it with the heat exchange fluid inside the cylinder of the engine. [22] [23]
Immersion cooling technology encompasses systems in which electronic components are directly exposed to and interact with dielectric fluids for cooling purposes. This includes systems using single-phase or two-phase dielectric fluids, leveraging their thermal capabilities to manage and dissipate heat generated by electronic components.
In the ideal case the cycle is reversible so the COP (the ratio of the cooling power and the input power) is equal to the Carnot COP given by T L /(T a − T L). It is not so practical to have a cold piston, as described above, so, in many cases, a displacer is used instead of the cold piston.