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In algebra, polynomial long division is an algorithm for dividing a polynomial by another polynomial of the same or lower degree, a generalized version of the familiar arithmetic technique called long division. It can be done easily by hand, because it separates an otherwise complex division problem into smaller ones.
In mathematics, Ruffini's rule is a method for computation of the Euclidean division of a polynomial by a binomial of the form x – r. It was described by Paolo Ruffini in 1809. [ 1 ] The rule is a special case of synthetic division in which the divisor is a linear factor.
Animation showing the use of synthetic division to find the quotient of + + + by .Note that there is no term in , so the fourth column from the right contains a zero.. In algebra, synthetic division is a method for manually performing Euclidean division of polynomials, with less writing and fewer calculations than long division.
In algebra, the polynomial remainder theorem or little Bézout's theorem (named after Étienne Bézout) [1] is an application of Euclidean division of polynomials.It states that, for every number , any polynomial is the sum of () and the product by of a polynomial in of degree less than the degree of .
Euclidean division of polynomials is very similar to Euclidean division of integers and leads to polynomial remainders. Its existence is based on the following theorem: Given two univariate polynomials a ( x ) and b ( x ) (where b ( x ) is a non-zero polynomial) defined over a field (in particular, the reals or complex numbers ), there exist ...
This polynomial is further reduced to = + + which is shown in blue and yields a zero of −5. The final root of the original polynomial may be found by either using the final zero as an initial guess for Newton's method, or by reducing () and solving the linear equation. As can be seen, the expected roots of −8, −5, −3, 2, 3, and 7 were ...
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The polynomial 3x 2 − 5x + 4 is written in descending powers of x. The first term has coefficient 3, indeterminate x, and exponent 2. In the second term, the coefficient is −5. The third term is a constant. Because the degree of a non-zero polynomial is the largest degree of any one term, this polynomial has degree two. [11]