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  2. Luminosity - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luminosity

    The Stefan–Boltzmann equation applied to a black body gives the value for luminosity for a black body, an idealized object which is perfectly opaque and non-reflecting: [11] =, where A is the surface area, T is the temperature (in kelvins) and σ is the Stefan–Boltzmann constant, with a value of 5.670 374 419... × 10 −8 W⋅m −2 ⋅K −4.

  3. Luminosity distance - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luminosity_distance

    The object's actual luminosity is determined using the inverse-square law and the proportions of the object's apparent distance and luminosity distance. Another way to express the luminosity distance is through the flux-luminosity relationship, = where F is flux (W·m −2), and L is luminosity (W). From this the luminosity distance (in meters ...

  4. Distance measure - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distance_measure

    Distance measures are used in physical cosmology to give a natural notion of the distance between two objects or events in the universe.They are often used to tie some observable quantity (such as the luminosity of a distant quasar, the redshift of a distant galaxy, or the angular size of the acoustic peaks in the cosmic microwave background (CMB) power spectrum) to another quantity that is ...

  5. Absolute magnitude - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolute_magnitude

    In astronomy, absolute magnitude (M) is a measure of the luminosity of a celestial object on an inverse logarithmic astronomical magnitude scale; the more luminous (intrinsically bright) an object, the lower its magnitude number.

  6. Mass–luminosity relation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass–luminosity_relation

    The relationship is represented by the equation: = where L ⊙ and M ⊙ are the luminosity and mass of the Sun and 1 < a < 6. [2] The value a = 3.5 is commonly used for main-sequence stars. [ 3 ] This equation and the usual value of a = 3.5 only applies to main-sequence stars with masses 2 M ⊙ < M < 55 M ⊙ and does not apply to red giants ...

  7. Etherington's reciprocity theorem - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etherington's_reciprocity...

    The Etherington's distance-duality equation has been validated from astronomical observations based on the X-ray surface brightness and the Sunyaev–Zel'dovich effect of galaxy clusters. [ 4 ] [ 5 ] The reciprocity theorem is considered to be true when photon number is conserved, gravity is described by a metric theory with photons traveling ...

  8. Luminosity (scattering theory) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luminosity_(scattering_theory)

    A related quantity is integrated luminosity (L int), which is the integral of the luminosity with respect to time: [1] = . The luminosity and integrated luminosity are useful values to characterize the performance of a particle accelerator. In particular, all collider experiments aim to maximize their integrated luminosities, as the higher the ...

  9. Luminous efficiency function - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luminous_efficiency_function

    The small excess fractional value comes from the slight mismatch between the definition of the lumen and the peak of the luminosity function. The lumen is defined to be unity for a radiant energy of 1/683 W at a frequency of 540 THz , which corresponds to a standard air wavelength of 555.016 nm rather than 555 nm , which is the peak of the ...

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