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The group hypothesized that histone proteins modified by acetyl groups added negative charges to the positive lysines, and thus, reduced the interaction between DNA and histones. [15] Histone modification is now considered a major regulatory mechanism that is involved in many different stages of genetic functions. [ 16 ]
The Hasanids (Arabic: بنو حسن, romanized: Banū Ḥasan or حسنيون, Ḥasaniyyūn) are the descendants of Hasan ibn Ali, brother of Husayn ibn Ali and grandson of Muhammad. They are a branch of the Alids (the descendants of Ali ibn Abi Talib ), and one of the two most important branches of the ashrāf (the other being the descendants ...
Positive control elements that bind to DNA and incite higher levels of transcription. [ 3 ] While these means of transcriptional regulation also exist in eukaryotes, the transcriptional landscape is significantly more complicated both by the number of proteins involved as well as by the presence of introns and the packaging of DNA into histones .
Histone-modifying enzymes are enzymes involved in the modification of histone substrates after protein translation and affect cellular processes including gene expression. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] To safely store the eukaryotic genome , DNA is wrapped around four core histone proteins (H3, H4, H2A, H2B), which then join to form nucleosomes .
Among this constellation of elements, enhancers and their associated transcription factors have a leading role in the initiation of gene transcription. [9] An enhancer localized in a DNA region distant from the promoter of a gene can have a very large effect on gene transcription, with some genes undergoing up to 100-fold increased ...
General transcription factors are a group of proteins involved in transcription initiation and regulation. [1] These factors typically have DNA-binding domains that bind specific sequence elements of the core promoter and help recruit RNA polymerase to the transcriptional start site.
The level of packing of the DNA is important for gene transcription, since the transcriptional machinery must have access to the promoter in order for transcription to occur. [4] Neutralization of charged lysine residues by HATs allows for the chromatin to decondense so that this machinery has access to the gene to be transcribed.
Signals for polyadenylation, which include several RNA sequence elements, are detected by a group of proteins which signal the addition of the poly-A tail (approximately 200 nucleotides in length). The polyadenylation reaction provides a signal for the end of transcription and this reaction ends approximately a few hundred nucleotides ...