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HPV+OPC presents in one of four ways: as an asymptomatic abnormality in the mouth found by the patient or a health professional such as a dentist; with local symptoms such as pain or infection at the site of the tumor; with difficulties of speech, swallowing, and/or breathing; or as a swelling in the neck (if the cancer has spread to lymph nodes).
[1] [2] HPV type 16 is the strain most likely to cause cancer and is present in about 47% of all cervical cancers, [22] [23] and in many vaginal and vulvar cancers, [24] penile cancers, anal cancers, and cancers of the head and neck. The table below lists common symptoms of HPV infection and the associated types of HPV.
This is known as discordant cancer. The five-year survival for people who test positive for HPV and p16 is 81%, for discordant cancer it is 53 – 55%, and 40% for those who test negative for p16 and HPV. [15] [16] The prognosis for people with oropharyngeal cancer depends on the age and health of the person and the stage of the disease. [1]
The highest-risk types are HPV 16 and 18; these are responsible for the vast majority of HPV-related cancers, including cancers of the cervix, vagina, vulva, penis, anus, and head and neck.
[3] [15] HPV 16 and 18 strains are responsible for approximately 70% of cervical cancer cases globally and nearly 50% of high grade cervical pre-cancers. [16] [17] Minor risk factors include smoking, a weak immune system, birth control pills, starting sex at a young age, and having many sexual partners.
Laryngeal papillomatosis is caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, most frequently types 6 and 11, [13] although genotypes 16, 18, 31, and 33 have also been implicated. [7] HPV-11 is associated with more aggressive forms of papillomatosis, which may involve more distal parts of the tracheobronchial tree. [7]
Human papillomavirus (HPV), primarily HPV 16 and 18, are strongly implicated in the development of SCC of the penis. Three carcinomas in situ are associated with SCCs of the penis: [citation needed] Bowen's disease presents as leukoplakia on the shaft. Around a third of cases progress to SCC.
Infection with human papillomavirus (HPV), particularly type 16, is a cause of oropharyngeal cancer (tonsils, base of tongue). [38] However, its role in the genesis of oral cavity cancers is a matter of debate. [ 14 ]