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Figure 1.0 - Basic anatomical features of the human eye. Ophthalmic drug administration is the administration of a drug to the eyes, most typically as an eye drop formulation. Topical formulations are used to combat a multitude of diseased states of the eye. These states may include bacterial infections, eye injury, glaucoma, and dry eye. [1]
Intravitreal administration is a route of administration of a drug, or other substance, in which the substance is delivered into the vitreous humor of the eye. "Intravitreal" literally means "inside an eye". Intravitreal injections were first introduced in 1911 when Ohm gave an injection of air into the vitreous humor to repair a detached retina.
Intravitreal injection is the method of administration of drugs into the eye by injection with a fine needle. The medication will be directly applied into the vitreous humor . [ 1 ] It is used to treat various eye diseases, such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD) , diabetic retinopathy , and infections inside the eye such as ...
Medication costs can be the selling price from the manufacturer, that price together with shipping, the wholesale price, the retail price, and the dispensed price. [3]The dispensed price or prescription cost is defined as a cost which the patient has to pay to get medicines or treatments which are written as directions on prescription by a prescribers. [4]
An intracameral injection is usually of an antibiotic into the anterior chamber of the eyeball to prevent endophthalmitis caused by an infection of the eye that can occur after cataract surgery. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has not approved antibiotics for this use and it is considered 'off-label'.
Prescription drug list prices in the United States continually are among the highest in the world. [1] [2] The high cost of prescription drugs became a major topic of discussion in the 21st century, leading up to the American health care reform debate of 2009, and received renewed attention in 2015.
When a medication is used off-label, it means the drug is approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for a particular use, but a healthcare provider prescribes it to treat something else.
Drugs are most typically defined as specialty because they are expensive. [3] They are high cost "both in total and on a per-patient basis". [16] High-cost medications are typically priced at more than $1,000 per 30-day supply. [4] [5] The Medicare Part D program "defines a specialty drug as one that costs more than $600 per month".