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Visible signs of akathisia include repetitive movements, such as crossing and uncrossing the legs and constant shifting from one foot to the other. [1] Other noted signs include rocking back and forth, fidgeting, and pacing. [7] However, not all observable restless motion is akathisia.
Sleep paralysis is associated with sleep-related hallucinations. [22] Predisposing factors for the development of recurrent isolated sleep paralysis are sleep deprivation, an irregular sleep-wake cycle, e.g. caused by shift work, or stress. [22] A possible cause could be the prolongation of REM sleep muscle atonia upon awakening. [34]
In order to be considered pathological, the ICSD-II requires that in the sleep-related rhythmic movements should “markedly interfere with normal sleep, cause significant impairment in daytime function, or result in self-inflicted bodily injury that requires medical treatment (or would result in injury if preventive measures were not used)”.
PLMD is characterized by increased periodic limb movements during sleep, which must coexist with a sleep disturbance or other functional impairment, in an explicit cause-effect relationship. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] Usually, these involuntary movements come from lower extremities (including toes, ankles, knees, and hips), although they can also be observed ...
The original definition of sleep paralysis was codified by Samuel Johnson in his A Dictionary of the English Language as nightmare, a term that evolved into the modern definition. The term was first used and dubbed by British neurologist, S.A.K. Wilson in his 1928 dissertation, The Narcolepsies. [32]
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Another major cause of this sleep eating subtype of sleepwalking is sleep medication, such as Ambien for example (Mayo Clinic). There are a few others, but Ambien is a more widely used sleep aid. [38] Because many sleep eaters prepare the food they consume, there are risks involving burns and such with ovens and other appliances.
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