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The theory focuses on types of leader-subordinate relationships [4] which are further classified into subgroups, namely the in-group and the out-group. [5] The in-group consists of members that receive greater responsibilities and encouragement, [ 5 ] and are able to express opinions without having any restrictions.
The leader–member exchange (LMX) theory is a relationship-based approach to leadership that focuses on the two-way relationship between leaders and followers. [1]The latest version (2016) of leader–member exchange theory of leadership development explains the growth of vertical dyadic workplace influence and team performance in terms of selection and self-selection of informal ...
The imagined contact hypothesis is an extension of the contact hypothesis, a theoretical proposition centred on the psychology of prejudice and prejudice reduction. It was originally developed by Richard J. Crisp and Rhiannon N. Turner and proposes that the mental simulation, or imagining, of a positive social interaction with an outgroup member can lead to increased positive attitudes ...
The most known example for context anxiety is public speaking; almost 70% of students have a certain level of communication apprehension triggered by public speaking. [6] There are other contexts that can create a similar response such as speaking in front of class, small group discussions, or meetings. [5]
Gordon Allport's intergroup contact theory is the basis for this line of research into intergroup anxiety reduction. [6] The theory hypothesizes that only groups meeting under four conditions will succeed in reducing intergroup anxiety among their members: groups must be of equal status, work towards common goals, experience intergroup ...
For example, in many countries, racial and religious groups are often residentially, educationally or occupationally segregated, which limits the opportunity for direct contact. However, even when the opportunity for direct intergroup contact is high, anxiety and fear can produce a negative or hostile contact experience or lead to the avoidance ...
For example, the Mood and Anxiety Symptom Questionnaire (MASQ) [10] was administered to a sample of college students and a sample of psychiatric patients. The correlations between the specific anxiety scale (anxious arousal) in the MASQ and NA were moderate (rs= .41 and .47), supporting that NA is specific to anxiety disorders, congruent with ...
In turn, this group outperformed the control groups on four objective tests. This study was noteworthy since it used adult Israeli soldiers as a sample rather than the previous sample of the American child, inferring that the Pygmalion effect could be applied to different contexts rather than only the original classroom setting where it was ...