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  2. Displacement current - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Displacement_current

    This polarization is the displacement current as it was originally conceived by Maxwell. Maxwell made no special treatment of the vacuum, treating it as a material medium. For Maxwell, the effect of P was simply to change the relative permittivity ε r in the relation D = ε 0 ε r E. The modern justification of displacement current is ...

  3. Jefimenko's equations - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefimenko's_equations

    The formula provides a natural generalization of the Coulomb's law for cases where the source charge is moving: = [′ ′ + ′ (′ ′) + ′] = ′ Here, and are the electric and magnetic fields respectively, is the electric charge, is the vacuum permittivity (electric field constant) and is the speed of light.

  4. Ampère's circuital law - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampère's_circuital_law

    where current density J D is the displacement current, and J is the current density contribution actually due to movement of charges, both free and bound. Because ∇ ⋅ D = ρ, the charge continuity issue with Ampère's original formulation is no longer a problem. [22]

  5. Mathematical descriptions of the electromagnetic field

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_descriptions...

    Since d 2 = 0, the 3-form J satisfies the conservation of current (continuity equation): = = The current 3-form can be integrated over a 3-dimensional space-time region. The physical interpretation of this integral is the charge in that region if it is spacelike, or the amount of charge that flows through a surface in a certain amount of time ...

  6. Maxwell's equations - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwell's_equations

    Maxwell's equations on a plaque on his statue in Edinburgh. Maxwell's equations, or Maxwell–Heaviside equations, are a set of coupled partial differential equations that, together with the Lorentz force law, form the foundation of classical electromagnetism, classical optics, electric and magnetic circuits.

  7. A Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Field - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Dynamical_Theory_of_the...

    This is simply the Lorentz force law on a per-unit-charge basis — although Maxwell's equation first appeared at equation in "On Physical Lines of Force" in 1861, [6] 34 years before Lorentz derived his force law, which is now usually presented as a supplement to the four "Maxwell's equations".

  8. Gauss's law - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauss's_law

    In physics (specifically electromagnetism), Gauss's law, also known as Gauss's flux theorem (or sometimes Gauss's theorem), is one of Maxwell's equations. It is an application of the divergence theorem , and it relates the distribution of electric charge to the resulting electric field .

  9. Electric displacement field - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_displacement_field

    In physics, the electric displacement field (denoted by D), also called electric flux density, is a vector field that appears in Maxwell's equations. It accounts for the electromagnetic effects of polarization and that of an electric field , combining the two in an auxiliary field .