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A PWM-capable fan is usually connected to a 4-pin connector (pinout: Ground, +12 V, sense, control). The sense pin is used to relay the rotation speed of the fan and the control pin is an open-drain or open-collector output, which requires a pull-up to 5 V or 3.3 V in the fan.
4-Wire PWM Controlled Fans Specification v1.3 – Intel; 3-Wire and 4-Wire Fan Connectors – Intel; 3-Wire and 4-Wire Fan Pinouts – AllPinouts; How PC Fans Work (2/3/4-wire) – PCB Heaven; Why and How to Control (2/3/4-wire) Fan Speed for Cooling Electronic Equipment – Analog Devices; PWM Fan Controller project – Alan's Electronic Projects
Pulse-width modulation (PWM), also known as pulse-duration modulation (PDM) or pulse-length modulation (PLM), [1] is any method of representing a signal as a rectangular wave with a varying duty cycle (and for some methods also a varying period). PWM is useful for controlling the average power or amplitude delivered by an
Space vector modulation (SVM) is an algorithm for the control of pulse-width modulation (PWM), invented by Gerhard Pfaff, Alois Weschta, and Albert Wick in 1982. [1] [2] It is used for the creation of alternating current (AC) waveforms; most commonly to drive 3 phase AC powered motors at varying speeds from DC using multiple class-D amplifiers.
A variety of ESC protocols beyond PWM are utilized for modern-day multirotors, including, Oneshot42, Oneshot125, Multishot, and DShot. DShot is a digital protocol that offers certain advantages over classical analog control, such as higher resolution, CRC checksums, and lack of oscillator drift (removing the need for calibration).
Comparison of PFM (top) and PWM (bottom) of a signal that starts at a constant low value and then transitions to a constant high value. Pulse-frequency modulation (PFM) is a modulation method for representing an analog signal using only two levels (1 and 0).
PWM rectifier (Pulse-width modulation rectifier) is an AC to DC power converter, that is implemented using forced commutated power electronic semiconductor switches. Conventional PWM converters are used for wind turbines that have a permanent-magnet alternator. [1] Today, insulated gate bipolar transistors are typical switching devices.
The reduction in field causes the motor to speed up, and in extreme cases the motor can even destroy itself, although this is much less of a problem in fan-cooled motors (with self-driven fans). This can be a problem with railway motors in the event of a loss of adhesion since, unless quickly brought under control, the motors can reach speeds ...