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Thiamine deficiency is a medical condition of low levels of thiamine (vitamin B 1). [1] A severe and chronic form is known as beriberi. [1] [7] The name beriberi was possibly borrowed in the 18th century from the Sinhalese phrase බැරි බැරි (bæri bæri, “I cannot, I cannot”), owing to the weakness caused by the condition.
William Fletcher (born 11 October 1872 in Lemsford, Hertfordshire, [1] died 18 September 1938) [2] was an English medical doctor who in 1907 published the results of an experiment showing beriberi could be prevented by eating unpolished rice. [3] [4]
Berberis (/ ˈ b ɜːr b ər ɪ s /), commonly known as barberry, [1] [2] is a large genus of deciduous and evergreen shrubs from 1–5 m (3.3–16.4 ft) tall, found throughout temperate and subtropical regions of the world (apart from Australia).
The experiment demonstrated conclusively that beriberi was a deficiency disease rather than the result of a toxin in the mother's milk. In 1913 Vedder published a seminal book on the subject. In 1913, Vedder returned to the United States and was appointed assistant professor of pathology at the Army Medical School in Washington D.C.
It was Eijkman who in the former Dutch East Indies was the first to associate the deficiency disease beriberi with the lack of the outer membrane in machine-peeled rice. Eijkman fell ill and returned to Europe. His successor Grijns believed that the membrane contains a substance that is indispensable for a healthy metabolism.
At the time, beriberi (considered endemic to Japan) was a serious problem on warships and was affecting naval efficiency. Takaki knew that beriberi was not common among Western navies. He also noticed that Japanese naval officers, whose diet consisted of various types of vegetables and meat, rarely suffered from beriberi.
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It is a deciduous shrub growing up to 4 metres (13 feet) high. The leaves are small, oval, 2–5 centimetres (3 ⁄ 4 –2 inches) long and 1–2 cm (1 ⁄ 2 – 3 ...