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The initial HTS takes advantage of the high reaction rates, but results in incomplete conversion of carbon monoxide. A subsequent low temperature shift reactor lowers the carbon monoxide content to <1%. Commercial HTS catalysts are based on iron oxide–chromium oxide and the LTS catalyst is a copper-based.
In physical chemistry, the Arrhenius equation is a formula for the temperature dependence of reaction rates.The equation was proposed by Svante Arrhenius in 1889, based on the work of Dutch chemist Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff who had noted in 1884 that the van 't Hoff equation for the temperature dependence of equilibrium constants suggests such a formula for the rates of both forward and ...
where R is the universal gas constant and T is the absolute temperature. When a single step in a reaction is perturbed in a temperature jump experiment, the reaction follows a single exponential decay function with time constant equal to a function of the forward (k a) and reverse (k b) rate constants.
The water gas shift reaction is the reaction between carbon monoxide and steam to form hydrogen and carbon dioxide: CO + H 2 O ⇌ CO 2 + H 2. This reaction was discovered by Felice Fontana and nowadays is adopted in a wide range of industrial applications, such as in the production process of ammonia, hydrocarbons, methanol, hydrogen and other chemicals.
The Van 't Hoff equation relates the change in the equilibrium constant, K eq, of a chemical reaction to the change in temperature, T, given the standard enthalpy change, Δ r H ⊖, for the process. The subscript r {\displaystyle r} means "reaction" and the superscript ⊖ {\displaystyle \ominus } means "standard".
The Q 10 temperature coefficient is a measure of temperature sensitivity based on the chemical reactions. The Q 10 is calculated as: = / where; R is the rate T is the temperature in Celsius degrees or kelvin. Rewriting this equation, the assumption behind Q 10 is that the reaction rate R depends exponentially on temperature:
The first step in the WGS reaction is the high temperature shift which is carried out at temperatures between 320 °C and 450 °C. As mentioned before, the catalyst is a composition of iron-oxide, Fe 2 O 3 (90-95%), and chromium oxides Cr 2 O 3 (5-10%) which have an ideal activity and selectivity at these temperatures.
Iron rusting has a low reaction rate. This process is slow. Wood combustion has a high reaction rate. This process is fast. The reaction rate or rate of reaction is the speed at which a chemical reaction takes place, defined as proportional to the increase in the concentration of a product per unit time and to the decrease in the concentration of a reactant per unit time. [1]