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A quality that sets Dutch landscape paintings apart from those of other nations is the amount of space devoted to the moist, ocean air and the sun glowing through the ever-present clouds. With their emphasis on atmosphere, Dutch landscapes might better be called “sky-scapes.”
Dutch and Flemish landscape paintings were rarely symbolic but were usually rich in associations, ranging from God and all of nature to national, regional, or local pride, agriculture and commerce, leisure time, and the sheer pleasure of physical sensation.
Landscapes from this period constitute a substantial group within the painting collection. This genre encompasses all kinds of specialties, such as the seascape, the cityscape, and the winterscape. The Rijksmuseum boasts spectacular works by Hendrick Avercamp from the latter category.
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The collection of Dutch seventeenth-century paintings in the National Gallery of Art includes works by well-known masters of the period, including Rembrandt van Rijn, Johannes Vermeer, Frans Hals, and Aelbert Cuyp.
Jacob van Ruisdael was one of the most famous landscape painters of 17th-century Holland, and the foremost exponent of the classical phase of Dutch landscape painting. He was able to create a poetic and sometimes brooding or tragic mood in his landscapes.
Jacob Isaacksz van Ruisdael was the most versatile 17th-century Dutch landscape painter. His landscapes are characterized by an exceptional diversity of subjects and astonishing craftsmanship.
Philips Koninck Dutch. 1670s. Not on view. The topography in this late work by Koninck was probably inspired by the eastern Dutch province of Gelderland but is nonetheless imaginary. Dutch landscapists usually made up their views in the studio, often using drawings from nature for particular motifs.
This painting is world famous, and rightly so. In this impressive composition, Ruisdael united all the typical Dutch elements – the low-lying land, the water and the expansive sky – manipulating them to converge on the equally characteristic Dutch mill.
Many Dutch painters were known for their realistic depictions of landscapes that were distinctly different from earlier periods. Dutch landscape painting is overall characterized by dramatic contrasts of light and shadow, cold and warm colors, calm and turbulent emotions, solid and liquid elements, and static and dynamic energy.