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CERN. The European Organization for Nuclear Research, known as CERN (/ sɜːrn /; French pronunciation: [sɛʁn]; Organisation européenne pour la recherche nucléaire), is an intergovernmental organization that operates the largest particle physics laboratory in the world. Established in 1954, it is based in Meyrin, western suburb of Geneva ...
The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is the world's largest and highest-energy particle accelerator. [ 1 ][ 2 ] It was built by the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) between 1998 and 2008 in collaboration with over 10,000 scientists and hundreds of universities and laboratories across more than 100 countries. [ 3 ]
The Synchro-Cyclotron, or Synchrocyclotron (SC), built in 1957, was CERN ’s first accelerator. It was in circumference and provided for CERN's first experiments in particle and nuclear physics. It accelerated particles to energies up to 600 MeV. The foundation stone of CERN was laid at the site of the Synchrocyclotron by the first Director ...
Produces isotopes for medical purposes. The Proton Synchrotron (PS, sometimes also referred to as CPS [ 1 ]) is a particle accelerator at CERN. It is CERN's first synchrotron, beginning its operation in 1959. For a brief period the PS was the world's highest energy particle accelerator. It has since served as a pre-accelerator for the ...
1610 – Galileo Galilei: discovered the Galilean moons of Jupiter. 1613 – Galileo Galilei: Inertia. 1621 – Willebrord Snellius: Snell's law. 1632 – Galileo Galilei: The Galilean principle (the laws of motion are the same in all inertial frames) 1660 – Blaise Pascal: Pascal's law. 1660 – Robert Hooke: Hooke's law.
The Chern–Simons theory is a 3-dimensional topological quantum field theory of Schwarz type developed by Edward Witten. It was discovered first by mathematical physicist Albert Schwarz. It is named after mathematicians Shiing-Shen Chern and James Harris Simons, who introduced the Chern–Simons 3-form. In the Chern–Simons theory, the action ...
The Large Electron–Positron Collider (LEP) was one of the largest particle accelerators ever constructed. It was built at CERN, a multi-national centre for research in nuclear and particle physics near Geneva, Switzerland. LEP collided electrons with positrons at energies that reached 209 GeV. It was a circular collider with a circumference ...
In particle physics, the history of quantum field theory starts with its creation by Paul Dirac, when he attempted to quantize the electromagnetic field in the late 1920s. Major advances in the theory were made in the 1940s and 1950s, leading to the introduction of renormalized quantum electrodynamics (QED). The field theory behind QED was so ...